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Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics
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Bioactive glass grants equivalent fusion compared to autologous iliac crest bone for ALIF: a within-patient comparative study

Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics volume 9, Article number: 56 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

To determine within-patient fusion rates of chambers filled with bioactive glass versus autologous iliac crest bone on computed tomography (CT) following anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF).

Methods

A consecutive series of 40 patients (58 levels) that underwent single-level (L5-S1 only) or two-level (L5-S1 and L4-L5) ALIF were assessed. Indications for fusion were one or more of the following: degenerative disc disease with or without Modic changes, spondylolisthesis, and stenosis. Each intervertebral cage had a middle beam delimiting two chambers, one of which was filled with bioactive glass and the other with autologous iliac crest bone. CT scans were graded using the Bridwell classification (grade I, best; grade IV, worst). Patients were evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and by rating pain in the lower back and legs on a Visual Analog Scale (pVAS); complications and reoperations were noted.

Results

At 15 ± 5 months follow-up, there were no significant differences in fusion across chambers filled with bioactive glass versus chambers filled with autologous bone (p = 0.416). Two patients with Bridwell grade III at both chambers of the L4-L5 cages required reoperation using posterior instrumentation. Clinical assessment of the 38 remaining patients (54 levels) at 25 ± 2 months, revealed ODI of 15 ± 12, lower back pVAS of 1.4 ± 1.5 and legs pVAS of 1.9 ± 1.6.

Conclusions

For ALIF at L5-S1 or L4-L5, within-patient fusion rates were equivalent for bioactive glass compared to autologous iliac crest bone; thus, bioactive glass can substitute autologous bone, avoiding increased operative time and blood loss, as well as donor site morbidity.

Introduction

Spinal fusion is a common surgical procedure, with over 400,000 surgeries performed in the United States every year [23]. Fusion is used increasingly for the treatment of spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, disc degeneration, herniation and stenosis [12, 18]. Its main goal is to fuse two or more vertebrae by inducing bone growth between segments, though fusion is not always successful, with pseudarthrosis reported in up to 50% of cases [8]. In 2016, a meta-analysis reported that patients with successful fusion had better improvements in clinical outcomes compared to patients with pseudarthrosis [21].

Autologous iliac crest bone is the gold standard graft material used during spinal fusion [24]. Harvesting autologous iliac crest bone has been associated with increased operative time and blood loss, donor site pain and morbidity, as well as increased complication rates [14, 22, 25]. Therefore, synthetic alternatives to autologous iliac crest bone graft continue to be developed and evaluated [24], of which various formulations of bioactive glass have shown promising results, when used alone or in combination with autologous bone [8].

For the last five years, the authors have been performing anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) for a variety of indications, using intervertebral cages with one chamber filled with bioactive glass and the other chamber filled with autologous iliac crest bone, within the same patient. The aim of this study was to determine the fusion rates of chambers filled with bioactive glass versus autologous iliac crest bone, within the same patient, on computed tomography (CT) following ALIF. The hypothesis was that there would be no differences in fusion rates of chambers filled with bioactive glass compared to those filled with autologous iliac crest bone.

Materials and methods

The authors retrospectively assessed a consecutive series of 40 patients that underwent ALIF at L5-S1 between November 2017 and April 2019, operated on by 2 surgeons (BLINDED). Twenty-two patients had single-level ALIF (L5-S1 only), whereas 18 patients had two-level ALIF (L5-S1 and L4-L5). Each of the 58 intervertebral cages (L5-S1 and L4-L5) had a middle beam delimiting two chambers, one of which was filled with bioactive glass, and the other was filled with autologous iliac crest bone. Indications for ALIF surgery were one or more of the following: degenerative disc disease with or without Modic changes, spondylolisthesis, and stenosis. Posterior fixation was used in 24 patients (60%) that either had spondylolisthesis or required posterior spinal decompression (these patients required posterior incisions, so screws were added to increase stability). None of the patients had prior spine surgery, other than foraminotomy or lumbar discectomy, nor did any patients require fusion at other levels.

Standing lateral radiographs were performed to measure disc height and magnetic resonance images (MRI) were acquired to assess disc degeneration, considering modified Pfirmann grade ≥ 4 and/or Modic changes to indicate degenerative disc disease (DDD). Patients were managed conservatively for at least 1 year, and if pain persisted, surgical intervention was discussed with a physiatrist. All patients provided written informed consent to use their data and images for research and publication purposes. The study was approved in advance by ‘GCS Ramsay Santé pour l’Enseignement et la Recherche’ (IRB#: COS-RGDS-2021-05-004-SZADKOWSKI-M).

Surgical technique

The same pre-operative protocol was used by both surgeons. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia with the patient in supine position, using a left retroperitoneal approach and implanting an ALIF intervertebral cage. Each ALIF cage had a middle beam delimiting two chambers. Grafting was performed as follows, systematically by the two surgeons: one chamber was filled with bioactive glass putty only (Glassbone®, Noraker, Lyon, France), and the other chamber was filled with autologous bone only (obtained from the patient’s iliac crest). The bioactive glass putty had a composition of 45% SiO2, 24.5% Na2O, 24.5% CaO, and 6% P2O5. The implants used at L5-S1 included both Roi A cages (n = 7; Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN, USA) and Idys ALIF cages (n = 33; Clariance, Beaurains, France), while at L4-L5 they included both Roi A cages (n = 12; Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN, USA) and Synfix cages (n = 6; DePuy Synthes, Raynham, MA, USA).

Clinical and radiographic assessment

CT scans were routinely performed at 12 months, and two experienced readers (MS, SB) assessed fusion using the Bridwell classification (grades I-IV): grade I indicated fusion with remodeling and trabeculae present; grade II indicated an intact graft, not fully remodeled and incorporated, but without lucency present; grade III indicated an intact graft, with potential lucency present at the top and bottom of the graft; and grade IV indicated absence of fusion with collapse/resorption of the graft [6]. Only patients with persistent back pain after surgery or worsening clinical scores had further radiographic follow-up, to not re-expose all patients unnecessarily to additional radiation. Clinical assessment was performed preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI; 0–100%) and Short Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaires, and rating pain in the lower back and legs on a Visual Analog Scale (pVAS; 0–10). Only the latest follow-up of 24 months is shown in the present study. All complications, reoperations and revisions were noted.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Comparisons of fusion rates between autologous bone and bioactive glass were performed using Chi-squared tests. Agreement on fusion rates between the two readers were calculated using Gwet’s AC [9], and were found to be good to excellent (Gwet’s AC > 0.691; p < 0.001) [7]. Patients were stratified to determine whether the addition of posterior instrumentation affected clinical outcomes. Statistical analyses were conducted using R version 3.6.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

The initial cohort comprised 40 patients, 26 females and 14 males, with an age at index surgery of 49 ± 10 years and a BMI of 26 ± 3 kg/m2 (Table 1). Fifteen patients (38%) were smokers, all of whom confirmed to have stopped smoking at least 8 weeks before surgery. There were two early postoperative complications (5%); one hematoma and one radiculopathy, neither of which required reoperation.

Table 1 Patient demographics and surgical data
Full size table

At a mean follow-up of 15 ± 5 months (range, 10–24), CT scans of the 40 patients (58 levels) indicated no significant differences in fusion across chambers filled with bioactive glass versus chambers filled with autologous bone (p = 0.416), with Bridwell grade I at 30 levels (52%) in chambers with bioactive glass versus 23 levels (40%) in chambers with autologous bone, Bridwell grade II at 26 levels (45%) in chambers with bioactive glass versus 33 levels (57%) in chambers with autologous bone, and Bridwell grade III at 2 levels (3%) in chambers with bioactive glass versus 2 levels (3%) in chambers with autologous bone (Table 2, Figs. 1 and 2). The 4 chambers that had fusion of Bridwell grade III (graft intact, but a definite lucency at the top or bottom of the graft) were observed in the L4-L5 cages of 2 patients that had undergone two-level stand-alone ALIF. The first was a 38-year-old woman, non-smoker, that had Bridwell grade I fusion at the L5-S1 chamber filled with bioactive glass, but grade II fusion at the L5-S1 chamber filled with autologous bone; she was reoperated 10 months after the index ALIF procedure, using posterior instrumentation filled with autologous local bone and allograft. The second was a 44-year-old woman, also non-smoker, that had Bridwell grade II fusion at both L5-S1 chambers; she was reoperated 23 months after the index ALIF procedure, also using posterior instrumentation filled with autologous local bone and allograft. Both patients that required reoperations were excluded from clinical assessment. There were no cases of cage subsidence, cage displacement, metal-plate migration, metal-plate fracture or bony fracture. For chambers filled with bioactive glass, there were no statistically significant differences in fusion rates among patients with posterior instrumentation versus those without at either L5-S1 (p = 0.755) or L4-L5 (p = 0.120). For chambers filled with autologous bone, there were no statistically significant differences in fusion rates among patients with posterior instrumentation versus those without at L5-S1 (p = 0.399), but fusion at L4-L5 was significantly better for patients with posterior instrumentation (p = 0.007).

Table 2 Fusion measured on computed-tomography scans using the Bridwell grade
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Fig. 1
figure 1

Bar chart presenting the Bridwell grades in the chambers filled with bioactive glass and autologous bone, at L4-L5 and L5-S1

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Frontal CT scan of a patient with fusion of Bridwell grade I1 in both the chamber filled with bioactive glass (R) and the chamber filled with autologous bone (L)

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At a mean follow-up of 25 ± 2 months (range, 23–34), clinical assessment of the 38 remaining patients (54 levels) revealed that ODI improved from 48 ± 11 preoperatively to 15 ± 12 postoperatively (Table 3). Furthermore, lower back pVAS improved from 4.9 ± 1.4 to 1.4 ± 1.5 and legs pVAS improved from 3.7 ± 2.0 to 1.9 ± 1.6. Finally, the SF-12 physical component improved from 28 ± 6 to 45 ± 9 and the SF-12 mental component improved from 36 ± 8 to 46 ± 9. There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative clinical outcomes nor in the net change in clinical outcomes among the 24 patients with posterior instrumentation versus the 14 patients without.

Table 3 Pre- and post-operative clinical assessment
Full size table

Discussion

The most important finding of this study is that, for ALIF at L5-S1 or L4-L5, fusion rates were equivalent for bioactive glass compared to autologous iliac crest bone, within the same patient. As reported for other ALIF implants [17, 19, 26], the present study found significant improvements of clinical outcomes at a follow-up ≥ 2 years, including ODI, lower back pain and leg pain. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that for patients undergoing ALIF, bioactive glass can be used as a substitute to autologous iliac crest bone; thus, avoiding increased operative time and blood loss, as well as donor site morbidity [14, 22, 25]. While the follow-up of two years may not be sufficient to ascertain long-term clinical outcomes, the fusion rates of chambers filled with bioactive glass were already equivalent or better than the fusion rates of chambers filled with autologous bone graft, which led the authors to hesitate regarding the acquisition of further CT scans at longer follow-up, due to both ethical (exposure to radiation) and logistical (travel to radiology centers during the pandemic) considerations.

Comparing Bridwell grades observed in the present study suggests that fusion was better in chambers filled with bioactive glass (grade I in 52%) than in those filled with autologous bone (grade I in 40%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.416). There are two possible explanations for this trend: the first is that bioactive glass may induce better or faster bone growth; the second is that bioactive glass may appear more consolidated because it has greater radiopacity (Fig. 2). Considering Bridwell grades I and II to be satisfactory, the present study suggests fusion rates of 97%, both for bioactive glass and for autologous bone. These findings are similar to the only other published study that assessed ALIF using bioactive glass (combined with autologous bone), which reported a fusion rate of 100% at 1 year follow-up, in patients with neuro-compressive disorders at one to three lumbar levels [27]. Previous published studies on posterior fusion have reported fusion rates of 0–100% for bioactive glass (with or without autologous bone) [2,3,4, 11, 13, 15, 16, 22, 27], with only one of nine studies not recommending the use of bioactive glass [2] (Table 4). Furthermore, our fusion rate of 97% and complication rate of 5% are consistent with those reported for other studies investigating ALIF [5, 20, 26]. Of the 40 patients included in the present study, there were 2 patients that had to be reoperated because of inadequate fusion at L4-L5. It is important to note that both patients had undergone two-level stand-alone ALIF, and neither had posterior instrumentation. These findings suggest that when performing ALIF at two levels, posterior fixation may be necessary to stabilize the spine.

Table 4 Previous clinical studies reporting on the use of bioactive glass during spinal surgery
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The present study has several limitations. First, comparisons between bioactive glass and autologous bone have been made within the same patient, and thus fusion or lack thereof in one chamber may have affected fusion in the other chamber; additionally, it is not possible to measure the effect of each material on postoperative clinical scores. Second, patients were operated on for a variety of indications, which may result in some variability in outcomes; although, this can also be regarded as a strength of the study since similar fusion rates were found for both materials across a range of indications. Third, ALIF cages of different sizes were used depending on the intervertebral height of each patient, which could mean that different cage sizes were filled with different amounts of material; however, this effect was diminished because we investigasted within-patient fusion rates, and the amount of filler material was equal for both chambers of each patient. Finally, the follow-up of the present study may not be sufficient to ascertain long-term clinical outcomes, although it is sufficient to evaluate fusion rates. Previous studies on other types of spinal surgery have demonstrated that early outcomes, such as ODI and Core Outcome Measures Index, improve or remain stable after 12 months and up to 8 years [1, 10].

Conclusions

For ALIF at L5-S1 or L4-L5, within-patient fusion rates were equivalent for bioactive glass compared to autologous iliac crest bone. The findings of this study suggest that for patients undergoing ALIF, bioactive glass can be used as a substitute to autologous iliac crest bone; thus, avoiding increased operative time and blood loss, as well as donor site morbidity.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

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Funding

This work was supported by ‘GCS Ramsay Santé pour l’Enseignement et la Recherche’, which provided funding for manuscript preparation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ramsay Santé, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France

    Marc Szadkowski, Sami Bahroun, Ivan Aleksic, Michiel Vande Kerckhove, Vincent Fière & Henri d’Astorg

  2. ReSurg SA, Rue Saint-Jean 22, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland

    Sonia Ramos-Pascual & Mo Saffarini

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  1. Marc Szadkowski
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Contributions

MSz study design, data collection, manuscript editing. SB study design, data collection and analysis, manuscript editing. IA study design, data collection, manuscript editing. MVK study design, data collection, manuscript editing. SRP literature review, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing. MSa literature review, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing. VF study design, data collection, manuscript editing. HA study design, data collection, manuscript editing. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sonia Ramos-Pascual.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (‘GCS Ramsay Santé pour l’Enseignement et la Recherche’, IRB#: COS-RGDS-2021–05-004-SZADKOWSKI-M) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All patients provided written informed consent to use their data and images for research and publication purposes.

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Not applicable.

Competing interests

MSz consultancy fees and royalties from Clariance, and consultancy fees from Zimmer.

SB no conflicts of interest.

IA no conflicts of interest.

MVK no conflicts of interest.

SRP no conflicts of interest.

MSa no conflicts of interest.

VF consultancy fees and royalties from Medicrea and Clariance.

HA consultancy fees and royalties from Clariance.

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Szadkowski, M., Bahroun, S., Aleksic, I. et al. Bioactive glass grants equivalent fusion compared to autologous iliac crest bone for ALIF: a within-patient comparative study. J EXP ORTOP 9, 56 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-022-00496-6

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Keywords

  • Bioactive glass
  • ALIF
  • Bridwell grade
  • Fusion
  • Complications