Table 4 Previous clinical studies reporting on the use of bioactive glass during spinal surgery
First author | Year | Type of surgery | Indication | Name of bioactive glass | Combined w/ bone | Comparator | Levels | n | Follow-up | Fusion rate of bioglass | Fusion rate of comparator | Recommend Bioglass |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westerlund [27] | 2020 | ACDF | Neurocompressive disorders | Bioactive glass bone graft (BioSphere Putty) | Yes, cancellous allograft | 1–4 (cervical) | 115 | > 1 year | 100% | Yes | ||
TLIF | Neurocompressive disorders | Bioactive glass bone graft (BioSphere Putty) | Yes, cancellous allograft | 1–3 (lumbar) | 30 | > 1 year | 100% | |||||
ALIF | Neurocompressive disorders | Bioactive glass bone graft (BioSphere Putty) | Yes, autologous bone | 1–3 (lumbar) | 103 | > 1 year | 100% | |||||
Barrey [4] | 2019 | Posterior fusion | Degenerative diseases, trauma or spinal deformities | 45S5 bioactive glass (GlassBoneTM, Noraker) | Yes (50:50) | 2–10 (lumbar) | 27 | > 1 year | 82% | Yes | ||
Posterior fusion | Degenerative diseases, trauma or spinal deformities | 45S5 bioactive glass (GlassBoneTM, Noraker) | Yes (50:50) | 1–2 (cervical) | 3 | > 1 year | 33% | |||||
Rantakokko [22] | 2012 | Posterior fusion | Burst fractures | BAG-S54P4 | Yes | Autologous iliac crest bone | 1–2 (lumbar) | 16 | 10 years | 50% | 100% | Yes |
Frantzen [11] | 2011 | PLF | Degenerative spondylolisthesis | BAG-S53P4 | No | Autologous bone | 2–3 (lumbar) | 17 | 11 years | 71% | 100% | Yes |
Ameri [3] | 2009 | Posterior fusion | Adolescent Idiopathic scoliosis | Metal-derived bioactive glass (Novabone) | Yes, local bone | Autologous iliac crest bone and local bone | Average 10 (thoracoumbar) | 40 | > 2 years | 90% | 85% | Yes |
Acharya [2] | 2008 | PLF | Spondylolisthesis or stenosis | Hydroxyapatite-bioactive glass ceramic composite (Chitra- HABg) | Yes, bone marrow | Autologous bone | 1–3 (lumbar) | 24 | > 1 year | 0% | 73% | No |
Kasai [16] | 2003 | PLF | Stenosis | 2:1 of bone:AWGC | Yes, autologous bone | 2 (lunbar) | 35 | > 2 years | 83% | Yes | ||
Stenosis | 1:1 of bone:AWGC | Yes, autologous bone | 2 (lunbar) | 35 | > 2 years | 83% | ||||||
Stenosis | 1:2 of bone:AWGC | Yes, autologous bone | 2 (lunbar) | 35 | > 2 years | 82% | ||||||
Hashimoto [13] | 2002 | PLIF | Lumbar degenerative pathologies with instability | Bioactive ceramic granules (AWGC) | Yes, autologous bone | 1 (lumbar) | 25 | > 2 years | 100% | Yes | ||
Ido [15] | 2000 | PLIF | Spondylolisthesis | AWGC | Yes, autologous bone | L4-L5 | 5 | 1.5 years 2 years | 20% 50% | Yes | ||
PLF | Spondylolisthesis or vertebral fracture | AWGC | Yes, autologous bone | Multi (lumbar) | 6 | 1.5 years 2 years | 17% 50% |