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Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics
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Correction to: Prolotherapy agent P2G is associated with upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 genetic expression in vitro

Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics volume 7, Article number: 100 (2020) Cite this article

The Original Article was published on 06 December 2020

Correction to: J Exp Ortop 7, 97 (2020)

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-020-00312-z

Following publication of the original article [1], the below Abstract was missing.

Abstract

Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, progressively degenerative disease. Researchers have rigorously documented clinical improvement in participants receiving prolotherapy for OA. The mechanism of action is unknown; therefore, basic science studies are required. One hypothesized mechanism is that prolotherapy stimulates tissue proliferation, including that of cartilage. Accordingly, this in vitro study examines whether the prolotherapy agent phenol-glycerin-glucose (P2G) is associated with upregulation of proliferation-enhancing cytokines, primarily fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2).

Methods: Murine MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in a nonconfluent state to retain an undifferentiated osteochondroprogenic status. A limitation of MC3T3-E1 cells is that they do not fully reproduce primary human chondrocyte phenotypes; however, they are useful for modeling cartilage regeneration in vitro due to their greater phenotypic stability than primary cells. Two experiments were conducted: one in duplicate and one in triplicate. Treatment consisted of phenol-glycerin-glucose (P2G, final concentration of 1.5%). The results were assessed by quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect mRNA expression of the FGF-2, IGF-1, CCND-1 (Cyclin-D), TGF-β1, AKT, STAT1, and BMP2 genes.

Results: P2G - treated preosteoblasts expressed higher levels of FGF-2 than water controls (hour 24, p<0.001; hour 30, p<0.05; hour 38, p<0.01). Additionally, CCND-1 upregulation was observed (p<0.05), possibly as a cellular response to FGF-2 upregulation.

Conclusions: The prolotherapy agent P2G appears to be associated with upregulation of the cartilage cell proliferation enhancer cytokine FGF-2, suggesting an independent effect of P2G consistent with clinical evidence. Further study investigating the effect of prolotherapy agents on cellular proliferation and cartilage regeneration is warranted.

The original article [1] has been corrected.

Reference

  1. Johnston E, Emani C, Kochan A et al (2020) Prolotherapy agent P2G is associated with upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 genetic expression in vitro. J Exp Ortop 7:97 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-020-00312-z

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, 27118 Silver Spur Rd, Rolling Hills, Estates, CA, 90274, USA

    Elisha Johnston

  2. Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd, Bowling Green, KY, 42101-1080, USA

    Chandrakanth Emani

  3. Healing Arts Research, 4835 Van Nuys Blvd # 100, Sherman Oaks, CA, 91403, USA

    Andrew Kochan

  4. Independent Researcher, Pittsburgh, PA, 15208, USA

    Kidane Ghebrehawariat

  5. Nelson Scientific Labs LLC, 44790 Maynard SQ, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA

    John Tyburski

  6. Independent Researcher, 5727 Ravenspur Dr. #309, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA, 90275, USA

    Michael Johnston

  7. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA

    David Rabago

Authors
  1. Elisha Johnston
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  2. Chandrakanth Emani
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  3. Andrew Kochan
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  4. Kidane Ghebrehawariat
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  5. John Tyburski
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  6. Michael Johnston
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  7. David Rabago
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Rabago.

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Johnston, E., Emani, C., Kochan, A. et al. Correction to: Prolotherapy agent P2G is associated with upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 genetic expression in vitro. J EXP ORTOP 7, 100 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-020-00323-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-020-00323-w