Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the included studies

Yamauchi et al., 2022 [40]

Japan

Sawbone model, 160

N/A

N/A

1. 10-pounds/cubic foot (160 mg/cm3)

2. 5-pounds/cubic foot (80 mg/cm3)

90 degrees

Corkscrew FT Ti 4.5 mm, HEALICOIL PK 4.5 mm, Corkscrew Bio 4.75 mm

LTF, Failure mode

IV

High risk

Rosso et al., 2020 [31]

Switzerland

Sawbone model, 60

N/A

N/A

1. Physiological group: 120 mg/cm3

2. Osteoporotic group: 90 mg/cm3

45 degrees

TwinFix Ti 4.5 mm, Healix BR 4.5 mm, Iconix 2.3 mm

LTF, STF, DIS

IV

Low risk

Ntalos et al., 2019 [24]

Germany

Human humerus, 10

50-73y

N/A

1. All-suture anchor: 126 ± 25 mg/cm3

2. Conventional anchor: 127 ± 30 mg/cm3

90 degrees

Y-knot 2.8 mm,

CrossFT 4.5 mm

LTF, STF, DIS, Failure mode

IV

Some concerns

Ntalos et al., 2019 [25]

Germany

Human humerus, 36

22-76y (61.4

 ± 11y)

N/A

1. 126 ± 18 mg /cm3

2. 126 ± 26 mg /cm3

3. 127 ± 16 mg /cm3

45, 90, 110 degrees

Y-knot 2.8 mm,

CrossFT 4.5 mm

LTF, STF, DIS, Failure mode

IV

Low risk

Nagra et al., 2017 [23]

United Kingdom

Human humerus, 24

58-96y

16 M, 8F

N/A

N/A

Y-knot 2.8 mm,

TwinFix ultra PK 6.5 mm

LTF, DIS, Failure mode

IV

Some concerns

Barber et al., 2010 [3]

United States

Human humerus, 16

70-96y

7 M, 1F

N/A

N/A

Bio-Corkscrew FT 5.5 mm,

CrossFT PK 5.5 mm

LTF, DIS, Failure mode

IV

Some concerns

Pietschmann et al., 2009 [28]

Germany

Human humerus, 12

27-93y

8 M, 4F

1. Non-osteopenic: 109 ± 26 mg/cm3

2. Osteoporotic bones: 41 ± 20 g/cm3

45 degrees

SPIRALOK BC 5.0 mm, Super Revo 5.0 mm

LTF, DIS, Failure mode

IV

Some concerns