Neuromuscular activity of the lower-extremities during running, landing and changing-of-direction movements in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of electromyographic studies

Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics

Table 6 Intervention, EMG variable, muscle(s) tested and main outcome for change of cutting/CoD

Study	Task	EMG variable	Muscles	EMG outcome of interest for ACLR vs. intact/control leg	ES
Arumugam & Hager, 2022 [6]	Single-leg forward-hop + unanticipated single-leg diagonal-hop	Normalized peak EMG amplitude	BF, ST, VL, VM	No diff in EMG activity (as Q/H ratio)	n/a
Zebis et al., 2017 [109]	Side-cutting hop	Normalized EMG amplitude	BF, SM, VL	↓ EMG activity for ST (pre-impact)	n/a
Briem et al., 2016 [10]	Cross-over triple hop	Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude	BF, ST	↓ EMG activity for BF/ ↑ EMG activity for ST	n/a
Coats-Thomas et al., 2013 [26]	Single-leg forward-hop + unanticipated diagonal cut	Normalized EMG amplitude	RF, VM, BF, ST, GM, GL	Delayed peak EMG timing for RF, VM, BF, GM	RF:1.45 (M)-0.48 (F), VM:1.48 (M)-0.56 (F), BF:1.91 (M)-0.39 (F), GM:1.28 (M)-0.85 (F)
Ortiz et al., 2011 [82]	Cross-over hop	Normalized EMG amplitude	GMAX, RF, BF, ST	No difference in EMG activity	n/a

Number in brackets corresponds to reference number
EMG Electromyographic, %MVC % Maximum voluntary contraction, BF Biceps femoris, ST Semitendinosus, RF Rectus femoris, VL Vastus lateralis, VM Vastus medialis, GM Gastrocnemius medial, GM Gastrocnemius lateral, Q/H ratio Quadriceps to hamstrings ration,↑ increase, ↓ decrease, ES Effect size (Cohen’s d) reported as mean, M Male, F Female, n/a not available