A modern multimodal pain protocol eliminates the need for opioids for most patients following total knee arthroplasty: results from a retrospective comparative cohort study

Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics

Table 4 Patient-reported Outcomes 3 Months After TKA

Outcome^a	Automatic (n = 72)	Upon Request (n = 72)	Fixed effects
Outcome^a	Automatic (n = 72)	Upon Request (n = 72)	Group	Time	Group*Time
KOOS			---------- p-value ----------
Pain	57.4 (1.8)	53.9 (2.2)	0.226	< 0.0001	0.480
Symptoms	57.0 (1.7)	56.6 (2.0)	0.864	< 0.0001	0.031
ADL	61.7 (1.9)	58.5 (2.2)	0.270	< 0.0001	0.890
QOL	40.2 (2.0)	38.7 (2.4)	0.635	< 0.0001	0.075
PROMIS-29
Pain Interference	59.3 (0.9)	60.9 (0.9)	0.204	< 0.0001	0.603
Pain	4.6 (0.3)	4.8 (0.3)	0.731	< 0.0001	0.342

^aAll values are least squares means (standard error of the mean) adjusted for age and pre-operative score
ADL Activities of daily living, KOOS Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, PROMIS Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, QOL Quality of life