Table 7 Results detailing sex differences in transverse plane femoral alignment in both injury and biomechanical studies
Injury Outcome | Study (year) | Clinical Measure | Injured/High Risk Mean (SD) | Uninjured/Low Risk Mean (SD) | P value | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Daneshmandi (2012) [12] | Femoral anteversion Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 17.4(5.5) 40.9(5.8) 36.4(3.8) | 16.0(6.7) 39.2(6.0) 37.2(3.9) | .46 .38 .51 | 0.2 0.3 0.2 |
| Â | Kramer (2007) [28] | Femoral anteversion | 10.2(3.0) | 11.1(2.7) | .06 | 0.3 |
|  | VandenBerg (2017) [49] | Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 24.1(8.2) 57.6(8.4) | 30.4(10.4) 42.2(10.7) | .003  < .001 | 0.7 1.6 |
Males | Bedi (2016) [3] | Internal rotation ROM | 23.4(7.6) | 24.5(6.5) | .36 | 0.2 |
|  | Budinski (2016) [11] | Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 30.9(11.6) 39.8(11.5) | 30.9(10.8) 40.2(11.1) |  > .99 .85 | 0.0 0.0 |
| Â | Gomes (2008) [16] | Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 26.4(7.7) 42.1(9.3) | 39.0(7.1) 43.3(8.3) | .001 .48 | 1.7 0.1 |
| Â | Lopes (2016) [31] | Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 28.6(5.7) 37.5(4.3) | 35.6(5.7) 43.7(6.6) | .001 .001 | 1.2 1.1 |
| Â | Lopes (2017) [32] | Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 33.4(6.4) 41.1(5.8) | 32.9(6.0) 40.2(6.4) | .67 .50 | 0.1 0.1 |
| Â | VandenBerg (2017) [49] | Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 23.4(7.6) 36.9(8.4) | 25.1(7.9) 40.2(10.7) | .09 .41 | 0.2 0.3 |
Biomechanical Outcome | ||||||
Females | Bittencourt (2012) [6] jump landing | Internal rotation ROM | 51.1(7.6) | 44.7(11.2) | .08 | 0.7 |
| Â | Bittencourt (2012) [6] single-leg squat | Internal rotation ROM | 40.9(11.6) | 42.9(12.1) | .56 | 0.2 |
|  | Hogg (2019) [20] | Femoral anteversion Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 10.3(5.8) 31.3(8.4) 44.6(9.8) | NA | .07-.92 .05-.68 .09-.85 | 0.0–0.9 0.2–1.0 0.1–0.9 |
|  | Hogg (2021) [19] | Femoral anteversion Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 9.4(4.5) 30.4(10.3) 47.8(7.6) | NA | .33-.90 .03-.69 .02-.42 | 0.0–0.3 0.1–0.7 0.3–0.8 |
|  | Kaneko (2013) [26] | Femoral anteversion | 20.7(3.3) | 16.1(1.7) | .01–1.0 | 0.0–1.7 |
| Â | Rabin & Kozol (2010) [44] | Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 41.1(7.9) 62.2(7.4) | 48.4(7.4) 63.0(4.2) | .03 .77 | 1.0 0.1 |
Males | Bittencourt (2012) [6] jump landing | Internal rotation ROM | 44.8(12.7) | 44.5(18.4) | .95 | 0.0 |
| Â | Bittencourt (2012) [6] single-leg squat | Internal rotation ROM | 41.9(13.8) | 48.3(16.5) | .04 | 0.4 |
|  | Hogg (2021) [19] | Femoral anteversion Internal rotation ROM External rotation ROM | 3.0(3.5) 19.8(8.5) 49.6(6.4) | NA | .03-.94 .02-.95 .01-.62 | 0.0–0.7 0.0–0.8 0.2–0.9 |