Table 3 Mid-term functional outcomes in studies included in review on mid-term and long-term effects of tourniquet use

Ajnin, et al (2014) [4]

Knee ROM (° ± SD)

8

106 ± 9

108 ± 10

n.s.

OKS ± SD

8

22 ± 3

21 ± 4

n.s.

Ejaz, et al (2014) [12]

Knee ROM (° ± SD)

6

107 ± 11

108 ± 8.5

n.s.

12

113 ± 8

113 ± 8

n.s.

KOOS-symptom; KOOS-ADL;

KOOS-Sports/ Rec.

6

85.83;

85.83;

23.08

90.28;

86.64;

22.67

n.s.

12

91.90;

88.66;

23.08

92.71;

90.28;

23.48

n.s.

Hasanain, et al (2018) [15]

Knee Flex (°)

3

137.85

137.23

n.s.

Huang, et al (2017) [19]

HSS

6

88.9

91.2

90.3

n.s.

Jawhar, et al (2019) [20]

WOMAC-function;

WOMAC- Stiff. ±SD

6

35 ± 19;

5 ± 3

45 ± 31;

5 ± 4

n.s.

OKS ± SD

6

25 ± 8

27 ± 9

n.s.

Conc. PF;

Ecc. PF (N ± SD)

6

233 ± 7; 267 ± 11

220 ± 7;

253 ± 10

n.s.

Conc. WL;

Ecc. WL (J ± SD)

6

65 ± 3; 71 ± 6

61 ± 3;

85 ± 14

n.s.

Conc. TWL;

Ecc. TWL (J ± SD)

6

771 ± 52;

605 ± 41

723 ± 54;

628 ± 46

n.s.

Conc. MP;

Ecc. MP (W ± SD)

6

42 ± 4;

24 ± 1

37 ± 3;

24 ± 1

n.s.

Liu, et al (2014) [28]

EMG Act. signal^d

6

12

VAM ± SD;

VAL ± SD;

RF ± SD

n.r.;

24,347 ± 7741;

20,998 ± 7741

27,618 ± 7741; 26,308 ± 7741;

29,414 ± 7741

n.s.

1631 ± 7028; 330 ± 3870;

0 ± 2441

495 ± 2903;

330 ± 2276;

n.r.

n.s.

Mittal, et al (2012) [32]

Knee Flex. (°)

6

110.65

110.65

n.s.

12

114.41

115.91

n.s.

Fixed Flex. (°)

6

5.47

8.37

n.s.

12

2.09

6.51

n.s.

Quadriceps Lag (°)

6

4.92

3.22

n.s.

12

1.70

5.49

n.s.

Stair ascent time (s)

6

7.13

7.13

n.s.

12

6.80

7.13

n.s.

Stair descent time(s)

6

7.54

9.75

n.s.

12

6.87

9.09

n.s.

OKS

6

39.21

37.37

n.s.

12

43.42

38.42

n.s.

Touzopoulos, et al (2019) [48]

NKSS-FA ± SD; NKSS-OM. ± SD

36

64.08 ± 16.06; 56.57 ± 4.92

66.04 ± 15.62; 56.81 ± 7.02

n.s.

n.s.

Total ROM (° ± SD)

36

99.51 ± 8.14

99.69 ± 8.65

n.s.

Max. flex. (° ± SD)

36

101.86 ± 7.94

101.35 ± 8.55

n.s.

Ext. Cont. (° ± SD)

36

1.51 ± 4.54

5.61 ± 5.86

< 0.001

Zhou, et al (2017) [55]

HSS ± SD

3

82.5 ± 4.5

81.6 ± 4.4

n.s.

6

89.8 ± 4.9

90.7 ± 4.5

n.s.

Knee ROM (°)

3

128.19

127.51

6

128.52

128.19

Alexandersson, et al (2018) [6]

Knee flex; knee ext. (°)

3

107.1; 5.9

109.4; 5.6

n.s.

Straight Leg Raise(°)

3

37

35

n.s.

TUG Test (s)

3

11.2

10.1

n.s.

Dennis, et al (2015) [10]

Knee flex.; knee ext. (° ± SD)

3

120.88 ± 8.19; 3.00 ± 2.71

122.69 ± 7.25; 2.46 ± 1.58

n.s.

HS St. (Nm ± SD)

3

84.84 ± 34.75

84.34 ± 36.01

n.s.

Quad Act. (% ± SD)

3

88.35 ± 10.55

87.02 ± 8.66

n.s.

Quad St. (Nm ± SD)

3

127.66 ± 43.75

136.74 ± 47.75

0.03

UBT (s ± SD)

3

47.77 ± 18.78

52.26 ± 15.68

n.s.

Rathod, et al (2014) [40]

Knee flex. (° ± SD)

3

106 ± 15

109 ± 12

n.s.

12

114 ± 8

115 ± 8

n.s.

KSSC ± SD

3

73.5 ± 11.9

71.4 ± 15.2

n.s.

12

87.9 ± 7.5

86.8 ± 9.1

n.s.

Quad st. (Nm ± SD)

3

97 ± 42

105 ± 38

n.s.

12

116 ± 43

119 ± 42

n.s.

KSSF ± SD

3

81.1 ± 9.8

79.8 ± 11.7

n.s.

12

85.6 ± 12.4

84.7 ± 11.3

n.s.

Ayik, et al (2020) [7]

Quad torque (Nm ± SD)

3

74 ± 29

68 ± 24

n.s.

Hamstring torque (Nm ± SD)

3

65 ± 18

57 ± 8

n.s.

Quad work (Nm ± SD)

3

85 ± 25

77 ± 31

n.s.

Hamstring work

(Nm ± SD)

3

61 ± 18

54 ± 16

n.s.

KSS-knee score ± SD

3

79 ± 13

76 ± 12

n.s.

KSS-func. Score ± SD

3

79 ± 19

76 ± 20

n.s.

Total ROM ± SD

3

118 ± 10

115 ± 13

n.s.

Chaudhry, et al (2020) [9]

OKS ± SD

6

39.02 ± 1.21

39.14 ± 1.20

n.s.

Knee ROM (° ± SD)

6

105.88 ± 3.608

106.74 ± 3.203

n.s.

Pinsornsak, et al (2021) [38]

Knee flex. (° ± SD)

3

114.2 ± 12.1

114.7 ± 10.4

114.8 ± 8.4

n.s.

YiZ, et al (2021) [51]

Knee ROM. (° ± SD)

3

111 ± 9

111 ± 9

112 ± 8

n.s.

Zhao, et al (2020) [54]

AKSS ± SD

3

88.60 ± 2.35

89.15 ± 1.65

90.30 ± 1.74

n.s.

Quad st. (grade ± SD

3

4.07 ± 0.29

4.22 ± 0.26

4.43 ± 0.27

n.s.

Knee ROM (° ± SD)

3

122.00 ± 10.09

124.75 ± 9.93

126.91 ± 8.20

n.s.