The outcome of hydrodilation in frozen shoulder patients and the relationship with kinesiophobia, depression, and anxiety

Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics

Table 1 Univariate changes in indices of shoulder functionality parameters at different time-points

Functional parameter	T_{1 (pre)}		T_{2 (post)}		T_{3 (3 months post)}		F^a	Significant pairwise comparisons
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Active abduction	94.8	26.8	114.2	35.2	150.1	35.7	61.6***	T₁ < T₂,T₁ < T₃,T₂ < T₃
Active anteflexion	112.6	19.8	128.4	27.6	158.0	23.8	83.2***	T₁ < T₂,T₁ < T₃,T₂ < T₃
Active external rotation	30.5	14.0	47.2	13.7	51.9	17.4	60.1***	T₁ < T₂,T₁ < T₃,T₂ < T₃
Active internal rotation	16.0	3.0	14.1	4.7	9.3	6.0	47.7 ***	T₁ > T₂,T₁ > T₃,T₂ > T₃
Passive abduction	81.3	25.3	96.7	33.1	99.1	23.0	18.7***	T₁ < T₂,T₁ < T₃
Passive anteflexion	103.3	22.2	118.0	27.0	121.8	26.1	20.2***	T₁ < T₂,T₁ < T₃
Passive external rotation	26.7	13.6	41.0	15.1	38.1	16.2	37.9***	T₁ < T₂,T₁ < T₃
Passive internal rotation	32.8	23.2	52.6	17.6	53.1	24.4	25.6***	T₁ < T₂,T₁ < T₃

Note: T1 before HD, T2 immediately after HD, T3 3 months after HD, M Mean, SD Standard Deviation
^a F-test based on the independent pairwise comparisons among the estimated marginal means
^*** p < 0.001