Table 3 Animal studies; animal studies with the specific aim to investigate the pathophysiology of frozen shoulder
From: The puzzling pathophysiology of frozen shoulders – a scoping review
Author | Year | Study Design | Method used for analysis | Most relevant findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Watson [50] | 2011 | animal model (rats) | RT-PCR | TGF-β1 gene transfer induced a fibrotic condition comparable to frozen shoulder patients with similar expression levels of ECM proteins, MMPs, adhesion- and collagen proteins |
Xue [51] | 2016 | animal model (rats) + cell culture | RT-PCR and gene silencing with a lentivirus | Smad4 silencing can suppress chronic inflammation and fibrosis in joint tissue by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad pathway |
Blessing [52] | 2019 | animal model (rats) + cell culture | immunohistochemistry | Local delivery of Relaxin-2 downregulates type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin production |