Fig. 7

Effects of Ti particle-induced changes in MLO-Y4 cells on mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells in two co-culture models on day 21. a MC3T3-E1 cells were stained with alizarin red S. In the “Cell Contact” model, the number of mineralized nodulessignificantly decreased as the concentration of Ti particles increased. The number of mineralized nodules in the “No Cell Contact” model did not differ significantly from the control. b In the “Cell Contact” model, quantitative results of alizarin red differed significantly between the 0.1 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL groups and the control (*p < 0.05). In the “No Cell Contact” model, no significant differences in Ca²⁺ levels were observed in any group