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Table 5 Intervention, EMG variable, muscle(s) tested and main outcome for jumping/landing

From: Neuromuscular activity of the lower-extremities during running, landing and changing-of-direction movements in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of electromyographic studies

Study

Task

EMG variable

Muscles

EMG outcome of interest for ACLR vs. intact/control leg

ES

Markström et al., 2022 [69]

Single-leg side-hop

Normalized peak EMG amplitude

BF, ST, VL, VM

↑ EMG activity for BF of high-fear (post-impact)

1.20(0.61;1.76) (control), 1.42(0.68;2.10) (low-fear)

He et al., 2022 [41]

Single-leg forward hop

Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude

BF, SM, VL, VM

Delayed EMG activity for VM (onset)

0.59(0.06;1.09) (control)

Alanazi et al., 2021 [4]

Double-leg forward jump before and after a Wingate test

Normalized mean EMG amplitude

RF, VL, VM, BF, ST, GM

No diff in EMG activity

n/a

Behnke et al., 2021 [7]

Single-leg forward hop

Normalized EMG amplitude

RF, VM, BF, ST, GM, GL

Shorter EMG activity onset for BF

0.87(-0.14;1.79)

Rocchi et al., 2020 [96]

Single-leg forward jump

Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude

RF, VL, VM, BF, ST

↑ EMG activity duration (pre-impact)

1.59(0.73;2.36) (quadriceps), 1.49(0.64;2.25) (hamstrings)

Alanazi et al., 2020 [3]

Planned and unplanned double-leg forward jump

Normalized mean EMG amplitude

RF, VL, VM, BF, ST, GM

↓ EMG activity for GM (post-impact)

0.78(0.08;1.44) (planned), 0.95(0.24;1.61) (unplanned)

Burland et al., 2020 [21]

Single-leg forward hop

Normalized peak EMG amplitude

VL

↓ EMG activity for VL

0.90(0.06;1.70) (control)

Smeets et al., 2020 [101]

Single-leg forward hop, single-leg side-hop, single-leg vertical hop with 90° rotation

Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude

VL, VM, BF, ST, GM, GL, GMED

No diff in EMG activity

n/a

Dashti Rostami et al., 2020 [27]

Single-leg drop jump

Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude

VL, VM, BF, ST, GM, GL

No comparative leg

n/a

Dashti Rostami et al., 2019 [28]

Single-leg drop jump

Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude

GMED, AL

↓ EMG activity for GMED (post-impact)

0.75(-0.10;1.55)

Palmieri-Smith et al., 2019 [86]

Single-leg forward hop

Normalized peak EMG amplitude

VL, BF, GL

↓ EMG activity for VL (post-impact)

1.86(0.61;3.11)

Lessi et al., 2018 [62]

Single-leg drop jump

before and after a fatigue protocol

Normalized mean EMG amplitude

VL, GMED, GMAX

Lack of progressive ↑ in EMG activity for VL post-fatigue (post-impact)

0.79

Jordan et al., 2017 [49]

80 s repeated squat jumps

Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude

VL, VM, BF, ST

↓ EMG activity (VL + VM) (pre-impact/post-impact)

↑ EMG activity (BF + ST) (pre-impact/post-impact)

Q pre: 2.62(1.48;3.76)-1.86(0.86;2.86), Q post: 2.17(1.12;3.23)-1.82(0.83;2.81)

H pre: 2.30(1.22;3.37)-1.44(0.46;2.32)

H post: 2.90(1.70;4.09)-0.93(0.05;1.81)

Lessi et al., 2017 [61]

Single-leg drop jump

before and after a fatigue protocol

Normalized EMG amplitude

VL, BF, GMAX, GMED

No difference in EMG activity

n/a

Melińska et al., 2015 [72]

Double-leg drop-jump

Normalized EMG amplitude

VM, ST, GM, GL

↑ EMG activity for GM, GL (post-impact)

n/a

Nyland et al., 2014 [79]

Single-leg forward hop

Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude

GMAX, VM, ST, GM

↑ EMG activity for GMAX, GM for high vs. low “performance” group (pre-impact/post-impact)

GMAX: 0.69(0.05;1.33), GM: 0.64(0.01;1.28)

Ortiz et al., 2014 [80]

Double-leg drop jump

Single-leg drop jump

Normalized EMG amplitude

RF, VL, VM, BF, ST

↓ Quadriceps and hamstrings EMG activity (double-leg drop jump)/ ↑ EMG activity quadriceps (single-leg drop jump)

Quadriceps: 0.22, Hamstrings:0.18/ Quadriceps: 0.17

Ortiz et al., 2011 [82]

Single-leg side hop

Normalized EMG amplitude

GMAX, RF, BF, ST

No diff in EMG activity

n/a

Nyland et al., 2010 [78]

Single-leg CMJ

Normalized (%MVC) EMG amplitude

GMAX, VM, ST, GM

↑ EMG activity for GMAX, (pre-impact/post-impact)

↑ EMG activity for GM (male only) (post-impact)

GMAX: 0.54(0.06;1.01) (M), 0.73(0.24;1.21) (F), GM: 0.60(0.12;1.08) (M)

Gokeler et al., 2010 [39]

Single-leg forward hop

Non-normalized EMG

GMAX, BF, ST, RF, VL, VM, GM, GL, SO

Earlier EMG onset for GMAX, BF, RF, GM, GL, SO

VM:1.19, RF: 1.22, SM: 1.09, GMAX:1.62, MG:1.07, LG: 1.62, SO: 2.53

Bryant et al., 2009 [12]

Double-leg forward hop

Non-normalized EMG

VL, VM, BF, ST

No difference in EMG activity (onset)

n/a

Ortiz et al., 2008 [81]

Single-leg drop jump

Single-leg box jump

Normalized EMG amplitude

GMAX, BF, ST, RF

↑ EMG activity for GMAX, RF (single-leg drop jump)

GMAX:0.29, RF:0.36

  1. Number in brackets corresponds to reference number
  2. CMJ Counter movement jump, EMG Electromyographic, %MVC % Maximum voluntary contraction, BF Biceps femoris, ST Semitendinosus, RF Rectus femoris, VL Vastus lateralis, VM Vastus medialis, GMD Gluteus medius, GM Gastrocnemius medial, GL Gastrocnemius lateral, TA Tibialis anterior, SM Semimembranosus, GMAX Gluteus maximus, SO Soleus, pre-impact prior to ground contact, post-impact post ground contact, increase, decrease, ES Effect size (Cohen’s d) reported as mean(95%CI), Q Quadriceps, H Hamstrings, n/a not available