Fig. 4

In vitro testing methods reported in papers from each construct category

Antibody-based = immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry (ICC), western blot, and ELISA. Biochemistry = mitochondrial activity, metabolic activity (e.g. media content analyses), molecule release, and enzyme activity. Histology = tissue sections typically stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopy = morphological studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), reporter gene fluorescence, tube formation, and cell proliferation. Nucleic acid analyses = qPCR, sequencing, karyotyping, and genotoxicity studies. Viability = live/dead staining and DNA quantification studies were performed to assess viability before and after printing. Other = antimicrobial assays, perfusion, and imaging such as micro-computed tomography