Table 2 Outcomes of the 25 studies checked for the risk of bias assessment by the SIGN-checklist
Study | Item | Total | Overall assessment | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.15 | Y | N | NA | CS | ||
Asker et al. (2020) [5] | Y | Y | Y | Y | 4% | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 | High quality |
Andersson et al. (2016) [2]a, b | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | CS | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Acceptable |
Asker et al. (2018) [4] | Y | Y | Y | Y | 6% | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 11 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Acceptable |
Hams et al. (2019a) [20] | Y | Y | N | NA | 15% | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 9 | 1 | 4 | 0 | Acceptable |
Matsuura et al. (2017) [26]a | Y | Y | Y | CS | 12% | N | Y | NA | NA | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | Acceptable |
Oliver et al. (2019) [35] | Y | Y | N | NA | CS | NA | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | CS | Y | Y | 8 | 3 | 2 | 2 | Acceptable |
Sakata et al. (2019) [39]b | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 7%/8% | CS | Y | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Acceptable |
Saper et al. (2018) [40] | Y | Y | N | NA | CS | NA | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 9 | 3 | 2 | 1 | Acceptable |
Wilk et al. (2015) [54]a | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | Y | NA | Y | N | Y | CS | Y | Y | 10 | 2 | 1 | 2 | Acceptable |
Achenbach et al. (2020)c | Y | Y | Y | CS | CS | CS | Y | Y | NA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 11 | 0 | 1 | 3 | Borderline |
Agel et al. (2007)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | NA | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | Borderline |
Bonza et al. (2009)a,c | Y | Y | N | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | Y | 7 | 4 | 3 | 1 | Borderline |
Cunado-Gonzales et al. (2019)c | Y | Y | Y | CS | 29% | NA | Y | CS | CS | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | 8 | 2 | 1 | 3 | Borderline |
Dick et al. (2007a)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | NA | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | Borderline |
Dick et al. (2007b)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | NA | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | Borderline |
Fares et al. (2020)c | Y | Y | NA | NA | NA | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | Y | 7 | 0 | 8 | 0 | Borderline |
Gardner et al. (2016)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | Y | 8 | 3 | 3 | 1 | Borderline |
Giroto et al. (2015)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | 0% | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | NA | 7 | 2 | 5 | 0 | Borderline |
Hibberd et al. (2016)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | Y | 8 | 3 | 3 | 1 | Borderline |
Hinton et al. (2005)a,c | Y | Y | N | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | NA | N | Y | Y | 8 | 3 | 3 | 1 | Borderline |
Kim et al. (2020)c | Y | Y | Y | N | 44% | N | Y | CS | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 9 | 4 | 0 | 1 | Borderline |
Marshall et al. (2007)a,c | Y | Y | Y | N | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | NA | 6 | 4 | 4 | 1 | Borderline |
Møller et al. (2017)a,c | Y | Y | CS | Y | CS | N | Y | CS | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 9 | 3 | 0 | 3 | Borderline |
Noonan et al. (2016)a,c | Y | Y | N | Y | CS | N | Y | Y | NA | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | 8 | 5 | 1 | 1 | Borderline |
Owens et al. (2009)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | NA | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | Borderline |
Reeser et al. (2015)a,c | Y | NA | N | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | NA | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | Borderline |
Robinson et al. (2013)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | Y | 8 | 3 | 3 | 1 | Borderline |
Sallis et al. (2001)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | Y | Y | 8 | 3 | 3 | 1 | Borderline |
Sekiguchi et al. (2020)c | Y | N | Y | N | 16% | N | Y | N | N | CS | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 | 5 | 0 | 1 | Borderline |
Takagishi et al. (2019)c | Y | Y | N | CS | 0% | NA | Y | CS | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 8 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Borderline |
Berardi et al. (2019)c | Y | Y | N | CS | CS | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | NA | CS | N | Y | 6 | 2 | 4 | 3 | Unacceptable |
Bere et al. (2015)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | 3% | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | N | NA | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | Unacceptable |
Byram et al. (2010)a,c | Y | Y | Y | N | CS | N | Y | CS | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Clarsen et al. (2014) [9]a | Y | Y | Y | N | > 20% | Y | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 10 | 2 | 2 | 0 | Unacceptable |
Dakic et al. (2018)c | Y | Y | Y | CS | 0% | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 9 | 1 | 3 | 1 | Unacceptable |
Dutton et al. (2019)c | Y | CS | Y | Y | CS | CS | Y | CS | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | 9 | 2 | 0 | 4 | Unacceptable |
Erickson et al. (2019)c | Y | Y | N | CS | CS | CS | Y | N | CS | Y | Y | CS | Y | N | Y | 7 | 3 | 0 | 5 | Unacceptable |
Forthomme et al. (2013)a,c | Y | CS | N | Y | CS | N | Y | Y | NA | CS | N | Y | N | N | N | 5 | 6 | 1 | 3 | Unacceptable |
Gregory et al. (2002)a,c | Y | N | Y | Y | CS | N | N | CS | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | 5 | 8 | 0 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Hams et al. (2019b)c | Y | Y | N | Y | CS | CS | Y | N | N | Y | Y | CS | Y | Y | Y | 9 | 3 | 0 | 3 | Unacceptable |
Hansen et al. (2019)c | Y | Y | NA | CS | CS | NA | Y | NA | NA | CS | Y | N | N | N | Y | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | Unacceptable |
Luig et al. (2020)c | Y | N | NA | CS | 0% | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | NA | Y | Y | Y | 7 | 1 | 5 | 1 | Unacceptable |
Lyman at al. (2002)a,c | Y | Y | Y | CS | CS | N | N | CS | N | CS | N | Y | N | N | Y | 5 | 6 | 0 | 4 | Unacceptable |
Lyman et al. (2001)a,c | Y | Y | Y | CS | CS | N | N | CS | N | CS | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | 4 | 0 | 4 | Unacceptable |
Marchena-Rodriguez et al. (2020)c | Y | N | N | N | 0% | NA | Y | Y | NA | Y | CS | N | N | Y | Y | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 | Unacceptable |
Oliver et al. (2018)c | Y | Y | Y | N | 9% | N | Y | N | N | CS | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 7 | 6 | 0 | 1 | Unacceptable |
Polster et al. (2013)a,c | Y | CS | N | NA | CS | N | Y | Y | NA | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Polster et al. (2016)a,c | N | CS | N | N | CS | N | N | CS | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | 4 | 8 | 0 | 3 | Unacceptable |
Ranson et al. (2008) [38]a | Y | CS | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | CS | N | N | N | N | Y | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3 | Unacceptable |
Rugg et al. (2019)c | Y | N | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | N | CS | Y | N | Y | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | Unacceptable |
Salzer et al. (2020)c | N | N | N | CS | CS | NA | Y | N | N | CS | N | N | Y | N | Y | 3 | 8 | 1 | 3 | Unacceptable |
Seil et al. (1998)a,c | Y | Y | N | N | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | 5 | 7 | 2 | 1 | Unacceptable |
Sekiguchi et al. (2018)c | Y | N | Y | N | 5% | N | Y | CS | N | CS | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 6 | 6 | 0 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Sell et al. (2014)a,c | Y | N | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | CS | CS | NA | N | Y | Y | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | Unacceptable |
Shanley et al. (2011)a,c | Y | Y | Y | N | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | 7 | 5 | 2 | 1 | Unacceptable |
Shanley et al. (2015)a,c | Y | Y | N | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | Y | CS | Y | Y | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Slodwonik et al. (2018)c | Y | Y | Y | Y | 50% | N | Y | CS | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | 8 | 5 | 0 | 1 | Unacceptable |
Smith et al. (2015)a,c | Y | CS | Y | CS | 20% | N | N | NA | NA | Y | Y | NA | N | N | Y | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Struyf et al. (2014)a,c | Y | Y | N | Y | 30% | N | N | CS | N | CS | N | N | N | N | Y | 4 | 8 | 0 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Wang et al. (2001)a,c | Y | Y | Y | Y | CS | N | Y | CS | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | NA | 7 | 5 | 1 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Wilk et al. (2011)a,c | Y | Y | N | Y | CS | N | Y | CS | N | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | 7 | 6 | 0 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Wright et al. (2007)a,c | Y | CS | N | Y | CS | N | Y | NA | NA | N | N | N | NA | N | Y | 4 | 6 | 3 | 2 | Unacceptable |
Yung et al. (2007)a,c | Y | Y | NA | Y | 0% | NA | Y | NA | NA | Y | N | NA | N | N | N | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0 | Unacceptable |