Table 2 Material information and study apparatus
From: Porcine Functional Spine Unit in orthopedic research, a systematic scoping review of the methodology
Study | Level | Breed | Weight | Age | Sample size | Previously frozen | Environmental considerations | Test Equipment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lumbar | na | na | 18Â months | 6 | Yes | 12Â h hydration with phosphate buffer saline solution | Instron 8874 |
2 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 52 | Yes | Wrapped in paper wet with saline | Instron 8511 |
3 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 16 | Yes | Wrapped in paper wet with saline | Instron 8511 |
4 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 14 | na | Heated to body temperature | Instron 8511 |
5 | Lumbar | Domestic | 65–73 kg | 4 months | 16 | No, refrigerated | In a plastic bag | MTS Teststar |
6 | Lumbar | Domestic |  ~ 80 kg | 5 months | 24 | No, refrigerated | In a plastic bag | MTS Teststar |
7 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 26 | Yes | na | Instron 8511 |
8 | Lumbar | na | na | na | 32 | na | Contained in plastic sleeve filled with saline | Custom made |
9 | Lumbar | na | na | na | 6 | na | na | Instron 8874 |
10 | Cervical | na | na | na | 16 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked cloth | Instron 8872 custom build |
11 | Lumbar | na | na |  > 16 weeks | 6 | na | Immersed in an isotonic saline bath cooled to approximately 4 °C | Custom made, 6 DOF |
12 | Cervical | na | na | na | 48 | Yes | Moistened with saline every 20Â min | Instron 8872 |
13 | Cervical | na | na | na | 14 | na | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | Instron 8872 |
14 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 48 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked towel | Instron 8511 |
15 | Lumbar | na | 60Â kg | na | 12 | Yes | Sprayed with saline and wrapped in plastic | Custom spine simulator AMTI MC3-A-1000 |
16 | Cervical | na | na | na | 96 | Yes | na | Instron 8872 custom build |
17 | Cervical | na | na | na | 32 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | Instron 8872 custom build |
18 | Cervical | na | na | na | 30 | Yes | na | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
19 | Cervical | na | na | na | 31 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
20 | Thoracic | Domestic | 56–61 kg | Immature | 14 | Yes | Wrapped in moist gauze | Instron 8872 |
21 | Lumbar | Domestic | 66 ± 3 kg | Young | 12 | Yes | na | MTS Teststar |
22 | Cervical | na | na | na | 218 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | Instron 8872 |
23 | Cervical | na | na | na | 50 | Yes | na | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
24 | Cervical | na | 50–80 | na | 10 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | Instron 8872 |
25 | Lumbar | Domestic | 90–100 kg | 8 months | 10 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked cloth | Instron 8874 |
26 | Cervical | na | Mean 80Â kg | Mean 6Â months | 16 | Yes | na | Instron 8511 |
27 | Lumbar | Domestic | 65–70 kg | 6 months | 8 | No, refrigerated | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | na |
28 | Lumbar | Domestic | 80Â kg | Immature | 69 | Yes | Sprayed with saline | Instron 8872 |
29 | Lumbar | Domestic | mean 78Â kg | Mean 7Â months | 8 | Yes | Kept wet by saline-soaked gauze | Instron 8872 |
30 | Cervical | na |  ~ 80 kg | Mean 6 months | 22 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked cloth | Instron 8511 custom servo motor |
31 | Lumbar | na | na | na | 9 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | Custom built pendulum design |
32 | Cervical | na | na | na | 22 | Yes | na | Pressure transducer (model DPG1000DR) |
33 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 16 | Yes | na | Pressure transducer needle (OrthoAR) |
34 | Cervical | na | na | 6–8 months | 20 | Yes | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | Instron 8872 |
35 | Lumbar | na | na | na | 1 | na | Circulating isotonic saline at 4C | Custom built load device |
36 | Lumbar | na | na |  > 16 weeks | 6 | na | Physiological fluid environment | Custom built load device |
37 | Lumbar | na | na | na | 7 | na | Room temperature in ambient air | Custom built load device |
38 | Lumbar | na | na | 10Â months | 8 | Yes | Tested in a saline bath at 37 C | Instron 8872 |
39 | Lumbar | na | na | 10 months | 8 | Yes | Tested in a physiologic saline bath (39 °C) | Instron 8872 |
40 | Lumbar | na | na | na | 8 | na | Wrapped in a saline soaked cloth | Instron 8872 |
41 | Lumbar | na | na | na | 6 | na | na | na |
42 | na | na | na | na | 1 | Yes | na | Custom built load device |
43 | Cervical | na | na | 5–18 months | 48 | Yes | Encapsulated with plastic-backed saline soaked gauze | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
44 | Cervical | na | na | na | 32 | Yes | Temperature-controlled laboratory at 21 °C | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
45 | Cervical | na | na | na | 12 | Yes | na | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
46 | Cervical | na | na | na | 24 | Yes | Room temperature and surrounded by a water | Instron 8511 |
47 | Cervical | na | na | na | 20 | Yes | na | Instron 8872 |
48 | Cervical | na | na | na | 21 | na | Superficial moistening every 20Â min | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
49 | Cervical | na | na | na | 30 | Yes | Saline soaked cloth wrapped in plastic | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
50 | Cervical | na | na | na | 4 | Yes | na | Instron 8511 |
51 | Cervical | na | 85Â kg | 6Â months | 126 | Yes | Hydrated with a saline mist every 15Â min | Instron 8872 |
52 | Cervical | na | na | na | 14 | Yes | Misted with a 0.9% saline solution | Instron 8872 |
53 | Cervical | na | 85Â kg | 6Â months | 126 | Yes | Misted with a saline solution every 15Â min | Instron 8872 |
54 | Cervical | na | na | na | 18 | Yes | Wrapped with saline soaked plastic-backed cloth | Instron 8511 + custom device |
55 | Cervical | na | na | na | 64 | Yes | Wrapped in a saline-soaked plastic backed cloth | Instron 8511 + custom device |
56 | Lumbar | Domestic | 55 kg / 195 kg | 4 months / 2–3 years | 12 | Yes | na | MTS Teststar |
57 | Lumbar | Domestic | 75–80 kg | 6 months | 19 | No, refrigerated | Wrapped in saline-soaked gauze | MTS Teststar |
58 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 30 | na | Saline-soaked cloth and plastic wrap | Instron 8511 |
59 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 30 | na | Wrapped in cloth soaked in saline along with plastic wrap | Instron 8511 |
60 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 10 | na | Saline-soaked cloth and plastic wrap | Instron 8511 |
61 | Lumbar | na | na | 6–8 months | 5 | Yes | Wrapped in a saline soaked towel rehydrated every 20 min | Instron 591 + Instron 8874 |
62 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | na | 18 | Yes | Saline (0.9% NaCl) soaked plastic-backed material and a layer of polythene film | Instron 8511 |
63 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 50 | na | Wrapped in a saline soaked cloth and plastic wrap | Instron 8511 |
64 | Cervical | Domestic | 80Â kg | na | 26 | Yes | na | Instron 8511 |
65 | Cervical | Domestic | 80Â kg | 6Â months | 56 | Yes | na | Instron 8511 |
66 | Cervical | na | 80Â kg | na | na | Yes | na | Instron 8511 |
67 | Lumbar | na | na | na | 1 | Yes | Sprayed and wrapped in paper towel soaked with 0.9% saline solution, triple sealed in plastic bag | Dynamic six-axis spine simulator, dSPACE Ltd |
68 | Lumbar | Organically farmed pig | 60 kg | 8–12 months | 1 | No | wrapped in plastic film at room temperature (20 C) | Zwick 25–200 |
69 | Cervical | na | na | na | 48 | Yes | 3% weight/volume saline soaked tissue | Instron 8872 Kollmorgen/Danaher Motion AKM23D |
70 | Cervical | na | 60Â kg | na | 28 | Yes | na | pressure transducer, model DPG1000DR; 2000 PSIG transducer |