Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author Journal Year | Study Design | Evaluated Patients | Age (years) Sex (M/F) BMI (Kg/m2) | Mean F-UP (months) | Treated Disease | Size Location Classification | Scaffold | Results and Failures | CMS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kon et al AJSM 2021 [39] | Prospective Case Series | 86 | 37.4 ± 10.0 60 M/26F 26.1 ± 3.5 | 24 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions in mild to moderate OA | 3.0 ± 1.7 cm2 44 MFC/15 LFC/ 13 Trochlea/14 multiple ICRS III—IV | Agili-C™ (CartiHeal) | Significant improvement of all clinical scores. MRI showed a significant increase in defect filling over time. Eight failures | 54 |
Van Genechten et al Cartilage 2021 [72] | Prospective Case Series | 13 | 33.5 ± 8.9 10 M/3F 25.3 ± 3.4 | 36 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions in mild to moderate OA | 2.6 ± 1.7 cm2 6 MFC/ 2 LFC/ 5 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | Agili-C™ (CartiHeal) | Statistically significant improvement of all clinical scores evaluated at 36 months. No failures | 47 |
Guerin et al Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2020 [34] | Retrospective Case Series | 17 | 28 ± 9 9 M/8 F - | 46 | Osteochondral lesions | 4.5 ± 1.4 cm2 12 MFC/4 LFC/1 Tibia - | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Good clinical outcomes in large knee osteochondral defects without correlation with MRI results. Failures not reported | 34 |
Sessa et al Cartilage 2020 [68] | Prospective Case Series | 20 | 16.2 ± 1.4 14 M/6F 21 ± 2.1 | 72 | Osteochondral lesions in juvenile OCD | 3.2 ± 1.8 cm2 9 MFC/8 LFC/3 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Clinical improvement stable over time with a high survival rate, although with persisting abnormal MRI findings. No failures | 51 |
Shivji et al J. Orthop 2020 [69] | Prospective Case Series | 11 | 46 ± 13.7 4 M/7F - | 121 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 4.3 cm2 (2.9—8.0) 35 plugs implanted: 17 MFC/4 LFC/1 Patella 13 Trochlea ICRS III-IV | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | No statistically significant improvements in any clinical score evaluated also confirmed by MRI results. Four failures | 45 |
Wang et al Cartilage 2020 [74] | Retrospective Comparative Study | 66 | 42.9 ± 12.8 37 M/29F 26.7 ± 7.7 | 40 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 3 ± 1.7 cm2 36 MFC/15 LFC/ 15 Trochlea ICRS III-IV | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) vs Microfracture | Activity level and MRI appearance in the scaffold group were superior than microfracture group. One failure | 63 |
D'Ambrosi et al Int Orthop 2019 [13] | Prospective Case Series | 21 | 51.3 ± 10.7 14 M/7F 27.2 ± 3.3 | 60 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | - - ICRS IV | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | Good clinical outcome with stable results at long-term F-UP. No correlations with MRI results. Two failures | 49 |
Sessa et al J Clin Med 2019 [67] | Prospective Case Series | 22 | 39.0 ± 8.2 19 M/3F 25.0 ± 2.2 | 60 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions in early OA | 3.2 ± 1.9 cm2 10 MFC/9 LFC/ 1 Patella/6 Trochlea/ 5 multiple ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Significant clinical improvement and stable outcome with low complication and failure rates. Two failures | 44 |
Azam et al J. Orthop 2018 [4] | Retrospective Case Series | 10 | 35.2 (22–49) 7 M/3F - | 24 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | - 10 MFC/2 LFC - | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | All patients showed a significant but small clinical improvement. Failures not reported | 24 |
Bugelli et al Musculoskelet Surg 2018 [9] | Retrospective Case Series | 5 | 64.4 (38–80) 4 M/1F - | 71 | Ostechondral lesions | - 7 MFC/ 1Trochlea ICRS III-IV | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | Clinical and radiological results significantly improve in a longer F-UP time No failures | 33 |
Condello et al BioMed Research International 2018 [12] | Prospective Case Series | 26 | 43.8 ± 11.2 18 M/8F 27.3 ± 4.3 | 35 | Osteochondral lesions in early OA | - 17 MFC/3 Patella/ 6 Trochlea ICRS III – IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Clinical outcomes showed significant improvement in 69% of the patients, although no correlations with radiological images results were found. No failures | 46 |
Kon et al KSSTA 2018 [40] | Randomized Controlled Trial | 51 | 34.0 ± 10.9 36 M/15F 25.6 ± 3.3 | 24 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 3.4 ± 1.5 cm2 37 FC/12 Patella/ 2 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) vs Microfracture | A statistically significant improvement of all clinical scores was described from basal evaluation to 2 years F-UP. Two failures | 67 |
Mathis et al KSSTA 2018 [56] | Prospective Case Series | 14 | 33.1 ± 10.7 11 M/3F 27 ± 4 | 12 | Osteochondral lesions | 1.0–3.5 cm2 8 MFC/2 LFC/ 2 Patella/2 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Significant clinical improvement at 1-year F-UP although an ongoing defect filling was found at the same F-UP. Failures not reported | 27 |
Perdisa et al AJSM 2018 [64] | Prospective Case Series | 27 | 25.5 ± 7.7 19 M/8F 23.0 ± 2.7 | 60 | OCD lesions | 3.4 ± 2.2 cm2 17 MFC/10 LFC ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Significant improvement of clinical scores at each F-UP, although not correlated with MRI findings. No failures | 46 |
Perdisa et al AJSM 2017 [62] | Prospective Case Series | 34 | 30 ± 10 18 M/16F 24 ± 3 | 24 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 2 ± 1 cm2 34 Patella ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | A statistically significant improvement in all scores was observed at 12–24 months of F-UP. No failures | 48 |
Berruto et al Knee 2016 [7] | Prospective Case Series | 11 | 52.1 ± 9.6 5 M/6F 23.9 ± 1.6 | 24 | Late-stage osteonecrosis of the knee | 3.47 ± 1.75 cm2 11 MFC 11 SPONK | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Clinical scores improved significantly at 1 year of F-UP, remaining stable at 2 years. Two failures | 33 |
Brix et al Int Orthop 2016 [8] | Prospective Case Series | 8 | 37 (15–51) 6 M/2F - | 24 | Osteochondral lesions | 2.07 cm2 (1.5–3.75) 5 MFC/3 LFC ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Clinical scores improved without reaching statistical significance at 2 years of F-UP. T2 mapping described a limited quality of repair cartilage tissue. No failures | 45 |
Christensen et al KSSTA 2016 [11] | Prospective Case Series | 6 | - - - | 30 | Osteochondral lesions | - 3 MFC/1 Patella - | MaioRegen Finceramica) | A significant clinical improvement was described, while MRI showed no improvement at any time point. Two failures | 48 |
Dell’Osso et al Musculoskelet Surg 2016 [17] | Retrospective Case Series | 31 | 60.6 (32–79) 16 M/15F - | 48 | Osteochondral lesions | - 43 TruFit plugs: 39 MFC/3 LFC/1 Trochlea - | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | Good clinical outcome at final F-UP. MRI showed partial integration of the scaffolds always with centripetal mode. One failure | 27 |
Kon et al Injury 2016 [47] | Prospective Comparative Study | 21 | 31.0 ± 8.6 17 M/4F 26.2 ± 3.4 | 12 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 2.5 ± 1.7 cm2 11 MFC/4 LFC/ 6 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | Agili-C™ (CartiHeal) Tapered | A statistically significant improvement in all clinical scores evaluated without significant differences between the two groups No failures in the tapered group, while 8 failures in the Cylindrical group | 46 |
76 | 31.7 ± 7.8 62 M/14F 25.1 ± 3.4 | 12 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 1.7 ± 1.0 cm2 45 MFC/25 LFC/ 6 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | Agili-C™ (CartiHeal) Cylindrical | ||||
Dhollander et al Acta Orthop. Belg 2015 [18] | Prospective Case Series | 20 | 31.7 (17–53) 8 M/12F - | 34 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 0.83 cm2 (0.38–1.58) 8 MFC/4 LFC/ 5 Patella/3 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | Significant clinical improvement at final F-UP, while the MRI showed a significant tendency of repair tissue deterioration. Six failures | 51 |
Di Martino et al Injury 2015 [20] | Prospective Case Series | 23 | 38.0 ± 8.2 19 M/4F 25 ± 2.9 | 24 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions in early OA | 3.2 ± 1.9 cm2 12 MFC/9 LFC/1 Tibia/ 1 Patella/6 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Significant clinical improvement with better clinical results in younger patients. MOCART showed a complete integration of graft in 66.7% of cases. Two failures | 38 |
Verdonk et al BJJ 2015 [73] | Prospective Case Series | 38 | 30.5 ± 11.9 23 M/15F - | 24 | Osteochondral lesions | 3.7 ± 2.4 cm2 23 MFC/7 LFC/ 5 Patella/3 Trochlea ICRS III – IV | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | Significant improvement of clinical scores and MOCART score at final F-UP. Two failures | 48 |
Berruto et al AJSM 2014 [6] | Prospective Case Series | 49 | 37 ± 14 37 M/12F - | 24 | Osteochondral lesions | 4.4 ± 1.3 cm2 33 MFC/ 11 LFC/ 1 Trochlea/4 Tibia ICRS III-IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Statistically clinical improvement at 2 years F-UP. MRI evaluation showed a complete filling of the lesion in 70% of cases. Three failures | 55 |
Delcogliano et al Joints 2014 [16] | Prospective Case Series | 23 | 24 19 M/4F 25.5 ± 7.7 | 24 | OCD lesions | 3.5 ± 1.4 cm2 14 MFC/9 LFC ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Promising stable results at short-term F-UP MRI scans showed complete filling of the defect in 80% of cases. No failures | 54 |
Delcogliano et al KSSTA 2014 [15] | Prospective Case Series | 19 | 26 ± 8 16 M/5F - | 24 | Osteochondral lesions | 5.2 ± 1.6 cm2 10 MFC/7 LFC/3 Tibia ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Promising stable results at short-term F-UP Two failures | 44 |
Gelber et al The Knee 2014 [29] | Prospective Case Series | 57 | 36 (25–53) 51 M/6F 25 ± 3 | 45 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 3.6 cm2 (2.8—3.9) 22 MFC/15 LFC/ 20 Trochlea ICRS III—IV | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | Clinical scores improved at final F-UP, but alterations of subchondral bone and lamina were observed at MRI evaluation. One failure | 54 |
Hindle et al KSSTA 2014 [36] | Retrospective Comparative Study | 35 (66) | 38.6 ± 13.3 M/F 27.9 ± 5.4 | 22 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | - - - | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) vs Mosaicplasty | Mosaicplasty group had a higher rate of returning to sport and higher KOOS score compared to scaffold group. Five failures in the scaffold group | 24 |
Kon et al AJSM 2014 [41] | Prospective Case Series | 27 | 34.9 ± 10.2 18 M/9F - | 60 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 2.9 ± 1.3 cm2 7 MFC/5 LFC/11 Patella/ 7 Trochlea/2 Tibia ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | A statistically significant improvement of all scores at final F-UP, although not correlated with MRI results. Failures not reported | 47 |
Kon et al J Mater Sci Mater Med 2014 [43] | Prospective Case Series | 79 | 31.0 ± 11.3 63 M/16F - | 24 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 3.2 ± 2 cm2 41 MFC/26 LFC/ 15 Trochlea III-IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | A statistically significant improvements in all scores although not correlated with MRI findings. Three failures | 49 |
Kon et al Injury 2014 [46] | Prospective Case Series | 11 | 37.3 ± 11.0 6 M/5F 21.6 ± 2.6 | 24 | Osteochondral lesions | 5.1 ± 2.7 cm2 2 Femur/11 Tibia III – IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Clinical scores significantly improved at final F-UP of 2 years. No failures | 34 |
Filardo et al AJSM 2013 [24] | Prospective Case Series | 27 | 25.5 ± 7.7 19 M/8F 23.0 ± 2.7 | 24 | OCD lesions | 3.4 ± 2.2 cm2 17 MFC/10 LFC ICRS III—IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Good clinical outcome at 2-year of F-UP. Less favorable findings obtained with MRI. Failures not reported | 43 |
Joshi et al AJSM 2012 [37] | Prospective Case Series | 10 | 33.3 (16–49) 4 M/6F 28.8 (23–37) | 24 | Osteochondral lesions | 2.6 cm2 (1–5) Patella III-IV | TruFit® (Smith&Nephew) | Good clinical results at 12 months in knee without concomitant injuries, with a worsening after 18 months of F-UP. Seven failures | 55 |
Kon et al AJSM 2011 [38] | Prospective Case Series | 28 | 35.3 ± 10.2 19 M/9F - | 24 | Chondral and osteochondral lesions | 2.9 ± 1.3 cm2 8 MFC/5 LFC/12 Patella/ 7 Trochlea/2 Tibia ICRS III – IV | MaioRegen (Finceramica) | Clinical scores significantly improved at final F-UP of 2 years. Two failures | 48 |