Fig. 4
Relationships of the skeleton-derived EFL to KAM and MFR. Left: Relationships between the external Knee Adduction Moment at static single-leg-stand (KAMS), calculated from frontal-plane skeleton dimensions, and both published KAM peaks measured during gait analysis. Mid and right: Relationships between the Medial compartment Force Ratio (MFR) calculated from published in-vivo-measurement data, and the knee-width-normalized External Frontal plane Lever arm (EFL) calculated from frontal-plane skeleton dimensions (MFR-scale assuming c = 1.5). The respective relationships for the static single-leg-stand (mid) and for the stance phase of level-walking, including both single-support- and double-support-phases (right), are very similar. All data originate from the same nine subjects, the number within each mark corresponds to the number of the subject denotation