Table 2 Association studies; studies investigating the association between frozen shoulder and a co-morbidity, focussed on the pathophysiologic mechanism
From: The puzzling pathophysiology of frozen shoulders – a scoping review
Author | Year | Study Design | n FS | n controls | analysis method | Most relevant findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bunker [35] | 1995 | case series | 43 | 43 | peripheral blood samples | Fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly elevated in frozen shoulder patients |
Mullet [36] | 2007 | case control | 15 | 15 | glenohumeral joint aspirate, in vitro cell culture | Proliferation of cultured human fibroblast cells was significantly increased by stimulation of growth factors from joint aspirate of frozen shoulder patients |
Lubis [37] | 2013 | case control | 50 | 50 | peripheral blood samples | MMP1 and MMP2 levels were significantly lower, while TIMP1, TIMP2 and TGF-β1 were higher in frozen shoulder patients compared to controls |
Austin [38] | 2014 | case control | 150 | NHANES nationwide study | patient chart review | A relationship is suggested between systemic inflammation with hyperglycaemia and hypertension and frozen shoulder |
Huang [39] | 2014 | cohort | 162 | Longitudinal health insurance database | ICD-9-CM codes | Hyperthyroid patients have a 1.22 fold higher risk to develop frozen shoulder compared to the general population in Taiwan |
Sung [40] | 2014 | case control | 300 | 900 | peripheral blood samples | Hypercholesterolemia, and inflammatory lipoproteins have a significant association with frozen shoulder |
Booker [41] | 2017 | case control | 20 | 26 | capsular biopsies for microbiological culture | No correlation was found between the incidence of P. Acnes and frozen shoulder |
Chan [42] | 2017 | retrospective cohort | 197 | 24,220 | peripheral blood samples | Cumulative HbA1c was (dose dependent) associated with an increased incidence adhesive capsulitis |
Chen [43] | 2017 | case control | 42 | 50 | peripheral blood samples - ELISA | IL-1β was expressed at higher levels in frozen shoulder patients and is associated with susceptibility of frozen shoulder |
Holte [44] | 2017 | case control | 100 | 73 | skin biopsies - liquid chromatography mass spectometry | Joint stiffness was associated with long term HbA1c and AGEs |
Schiefer [45] | 2017 | case control | 93 | 151 | peripheral blood samples | Hypothyroidism was significantly more prevalent in frozen shoulder patients than in controls. A correlation between TSH levels with the severity of frozen shoulders was suggested |
Gumina [46] | 2018 | prospective observational | 27 | genome database | peripheral blood samples - PCR | APO-A1-G75A lipoprotein polymorfism was found as a risk factor for the severity of frozen shoulder |
Kalson [47] | 2018 | cohort | 549 | 5989 (Twins UK registry) | qPCR | Frozen shoulder patients had a significant relation with telomere length. It is suggested that telomere repair defects contribute to joint fibrosis |
Park [48] | 2018 | case control | 37 | 222 | peripheral blood samples | Inflammatory lipoproteins are associated with adhesive capsulitis accompanied by diabetes |
Cohen [49] | 2019 | case control | 186 | 600 | peripheral blood samples - genotyping | Certain genetic variants, SNPs of MMP13, MMP 9 and TGFβ1 were identified as independent risk factors for frozen shoulder |