Fig. 2

Kinematics of the knee joint during walking. All three groups showed knee flexion twice during one walking cycle and external rotation in stance phase (a, b). In both the MP-CS and the MP-PS groups, the femur showed anterior translation during early stance phase, maintained the anterior position during mid-stance phase, and showed posterior translation during late stance phase to pre-swing phase (c). CTO, contralateral toe-off; CHS, contralateral heel strike; TO, toe-off; MP, medial pivot; CS, cruciate-substituting; PS, posterior-stabilized