From: Translational applications of photopolymerizable hydrogels for cartilage repair
Hydrogels | Factors | Photoinitiators | Cells | Follow-up | Results | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Wavelength (nm) | Time (min) | Intensity (mw/cm2) | ||||||
PEODMa | – | UV | 365 | 10 | 10 | calf chondrocytes | 6 weeks | Maintained cell viability, uniform cell seeding, ECM is not compromised as the scaffold thickness is increased from 2 to 8 mm | (Bryant & Anseth, 2001) |
PEGDMa PEG-LA-DAb | – | UV | 365 | 20 | 10 | calf chondrocytes | 6 weeks | Chondrocytes encapsulated in hydrogels with at least 75% degradable crosslinks produced a cartilaginous tissue, increased type-II collagen synthesis | (Bryant & Anseth, 2003) |
10 | weeks | Production of similar biochemical matrix content to newly synthesized cartilaginous tissue, high compressive modulus to restore function and increase type-II collagen synthesis | (Buttgereit et al., 2015) | ||||||
PEG/PEGDAa | – | UV | – | 4-10 | – | hBMSCs | 6 weeks | Greater PEGDA molecular weight did not affect proteoglycan content at a PEGDA:PEG ratio of 2:1 but did affect the distribution, addition of PEG to PEGDA hydrogels resulted in greater collagen content, facilitated cell chondrogenesis | (Buxton et al., 2007) |
PEO/PEODMa | – | UV | – | 3 | 2-3 | bovine, ovine chondrocytes | 2 weeks | Chondrocyte survival and dispersed cell population composed of ovoid and elongated cells, proteoglycan and collagen contents increases over 2 weeks of static incubation, functional ECM with equilibrium moduli, dynamic stiffness, and streaming potentials that increased with time | (Elisseeff et al., 2000) |
MGC/MCSb MHA/MCSb |  | UV | 320–390 | 1 | 10 | bovine chondrocytes | 5 weeks | Improved cell viability and matrix production (aggrecan, type-II collagen), only MHA/MCS hydrogels retain an approximately constant modulus | (Hayami et al., 2016) |
Styrenated gelatina | – | VL | 400–520 | 2 | 800 | rabbit chondrocytes | 2 weeks | Maintained chondrogenic phenotype and cell viability | (Hoshikawa et al., 2006) |
Gel-MAb Gel-HAb Gel-CSb Gel-HA-CSb | – | UV | 365 | 15 | 2.6 | human chondrocytes | 8 weeks | Enhanced chondrogenesis and mechanical properties | (Levett et al., 2014) |
PEG-CAPa PEG-CAP-NORa | – | UV | 352 | 7 | – | bovine chondrocytes | 4 weeks | Increased sGAGs and collagen in the hydrogels with time, type-II collagen and aggrecan present in the neotissue with formation of a territorial matrix beginning at day 21, 8-fold increase in compressive modulus from days 7 to 28 | (Neumann et al., 2016) |
PEODAa | – | UV | 365 | 7 | 3-4 | bovine chondrocytes | 7 weeks | MRI-derived measurements of matrix FCD in injectable hydrogels reflect tissue GAG content | (Ramaswamy et al., 2008a) |
PEG-LAb | – | UV | 365 | 10 | 6 | bovine chondrocytes | 4 weeks | Degradation led to 2.3- and 2.9-fold greater GAG and collagen contents compared with PEG group, respectively, macroscopic cartilage-like tissue formation (aggrecan, type-II and -VI collagen, link protein, and decorin) but decreased moduli, retention of the chondrocyte phenotype, proteoglycan and type-II collagen deposition | (Roberts et al., 2011) |
PEGDAa PEGTNB/PEGDSHa | – | UV | 352 | 10 | 6 | bovine chondrocytes | 2 weeks | PEGTNB led to hyaline-like cartilage production especially under mechanical loading, polymerization mechanism and network structure have long-term effects on the quality of engineered cartilage, especially under mechanical loading | (Roberts & Bryant, 2013) |
MeGC/Colb | TGF-β1 | VL | 400–500 | 120 | 500–600 | hSMSCs | 3 weeks | TGF-β1 controlled release, maintained cell viability and chondrogenesis, cell aggregation and ECM deposition most particularly in the presence of TGF-β1 and type-II collagen impregnation relative to pure MeGC hydrogels | (Kim et al., 2015) |
mGL/LAPa | TGF-β3 | VL | 430-490 | 2, 4, 8 | 1400 | hBMSCs | 13 weeks | High viability and chondrogenic differentiation of encapsulated cells | (Lin et al., 2014) |
PEG/PEGDAa | TGF-β1 | UV | 365 | 5 | 4 | goat BMSCs | 6 weeks | Effective cell chondrogenesis, enhanced by TGF-β1 | (Williams et al., 2003) |
PEODA/CMPb | CMP | UV | 365 | 5 | 5 | bovine chondrocytes | 2 weeks | Maintained cell viability, production of type-II collagen, CMP provides cell-manipulated crosslinks and collagen binding sites that simulate natural ECM | (Lee et al., 2006) |