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Table 1 Use of photopolymerizable hydrogels in vitro for applications in cartilage research

From: Translational applications of photopolymerizable hydrogels for cartilage repair

Hydrogels

Factors

Photoinitiators

Cells

Follow-up

Results

References

Type

Wavelength (nm)

Time (min)

Intensity (mw/cm2)

PEODMa

–

UV

365

10

10

calf chondrocytes

6 weeks

Maintained cell viability, uniform cell seeding, ECM is not compromised as the scaffold thickness is increased from 2 to 8 mm

(Bryant & Anseth, 2001)

PEGDMa

PEG-LA-DAb

–

UV

365

20

10

calf chondrocytes

6 weeks

Chondrocytes encapsulated in hydrogels with at least 75% degradable crosslinks produced a cartilaginous tissue, increased type-II collagen synthesis

(Bryant & Anseth, 2003)

10

weeks

Production of similar biochemical matrix content to newly synthesized cartilaginous tissue, high compressive modulus to restore function and increase type-II collagen synthesis

(Buttgereit et al., 2015)

PEG/PEGDAa

–

UV

–

4-10

–

hBMSCs

6 weeks

Greater PEGDA molecular weight did not affect proteoglycan content at a PEGDA:PEG ratio of 2:1 but did affect the distribution, addition of PEG to PEGDA hydrogels resulted in greater collagen content, facilitated cell chondrogenesis

(Buxton et al., 2007)

PEO/PEODMa

–

UV

–

3

2-3

bovine, ovine chondrocytes

2 weeks

Chondrocyte survival and dispersed cell population composed of ovoid and elongated cells, proteoglycan and collagen contents increases over 2 weeks of static incubation, functional ECM with equilibrium moduli, dynamic stiffness, and streaming potentials that increased with time

(Elisseeff et al., 2000)

MGC/MCSb

MHA/MCSb

 

UV

320–390

1

10

bovine chondrocytes

5 weeks

Improved cell viability and matrix production (aggrecan, type-II collagen), only MHA/MCS hydrogels retain an approximately constant modulus

(Hayami et al., 2016)

Styrenated gelatina

–

VL

400–520

2

800

rabbit chondrocytes

2 weeks

Maintained chondrogenic phenotype and cell viability

(Hoshikawa et al., 2006)

Gel-MAb

Gel-HAb

Gel-CSb

Gel-HA-CSb

–

UV

365

15

2.6

human chondrocytes

8 weeks

Enhanced chondrogenesis and mechanical properties

(Levett et al., 2014)

PEG-CAPa

PEG-CAP-NORa

–

UV

352

7

–

bovine chondrocytes

4 weeks

Increased sGAGs and collagen in the hydrogels with time, type-II collagen and aggrecan present in the neotissue with formation of a territorial matrix beginning at day 21, 8-fold increase in compressive modulus from days 7 to 28

(Neumann et al., 2016)

PEODAa

–

UV

365

7

3-4

bovine chondrocytes

7 weeks

MRI-derived measurements of matrix FCD in injectable hydrogels reflect tissue GAG content

(Ramaswamy et al., 2008a)

PEG-LAb

–

UV

365

10

6

bovine chondrocytes

4 weeks

Degradation led to 2.3- and 2.9-fold greater GAG and collagen contents compared with PEG group, respectively, macroscopic cartilage-like tissue formation (aggrecan, type-II and -VI collagen, link protein, and decorin) but decreased moduli, retention of the chondrocyte phenotype, proteoglycan and type-II collagen deposition

(Roberts et al., 2011)

PEGDAa

PEGTNB/PEGDSHa

–

UV

352

10

6

bovine chondrocytes

2 weeks

PEGTNB led to hyaline-like cartilage production especially under mechanical loading, polymerization mechanism and network structure have long-term effects on the quality of engineered cartilage, especially under mechanical loading

(Roberts & Bryant, 2013)

MeGC/Colb

TGF-β1

VL

400–500

120

500–600

hSMSCs

3 weeks

TGF-β1 controlled release, maintained cell viability and chondrogenesis, cell aggregation and ECM deposition most particularly in the presence of TGF-β1 and type-II collagen impregnation relative to pure MeGC hydrogels

(Kim et al., 2015)

mGL/LAPa

TGF-β3

VL

430-490

2, 4, 8

1400

hBMSCs

13 weeks

High viability and chondrogenic differentiation of encapsulated cells

(Lin et al., 2014)

PEG/PEGDAa

TGF-β1

UV

365

5

4

goat BMSCs

6 weeks

Effective cell chondrogenesis, enhanced by TGF-β1

(Williams et al., 2003)

PEODA/CMPb

CMP

UV

365

5

5

bovine chondrocytes

2 weeks

Maintained cell viability, production of type-II collagen, CMP provides cell-manipulated crosslinks and collagen binding sites that simulate natural ECM

(Lee et al., 2006)

  1. aSynthetic photopolymerizable hydrogels; bnatural/synthetic (hybrid) photopolymerizable hydrogels. PEO poly (ethylene oxide), PEODM PEO-dimethacrylate, PEG poly (ethylene glycol), PEGDM PEG-dimethacrylate, PEG-LA-DA poly (lactic acid)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (lactic acid) endcapped with acrylate groups, PEGDA PEG-diacrylate, MGC N-methacrylate glycol chitosan, MCS O-methacrylate chondroitin sulfate, MHA O-methacrylate hyaluronic acid, Gel-MA gelatin-methacrylamide, Gel-HA gelatin-hyaluronic acid, Gel-CS gelatin-chondroitin sulfate, Gel-HA-CS gelatin-hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate, PEG-CAP PEG-caprolactone, PEG-CAP-NOR PEG-CAP endcapped with norbornene, PEODA PEO-diacrylate, PEG-LA poly (lactic acid)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (lactic acid), PEGTNB PEG-tetranorbornene, PEGDSH PEG-dithiol, MeGC methacrylated chitosan, Col collagen, mGL methacrylated gelatin, LAP lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate, CMP collagen mimetic peptide, TGF-β transforming growth factor beta, UV ultraviolet, VL visible light, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, hBMSCs human bone marrow-derived MSCs, hSMSCs human synovium-derived MSCs, ECM extracellular matrix, sGAGs sulfated glycosaminoglycans, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, FCD fixed charge density