Fig. 3

Examples of the investigator’s view during visual estimation, photographing of the limb position (for subsequent angle measurement), and goniometric measurement. All measured positions are shown, including: a hip flexion, b hip abduction, c hip internal rotation, d hip external rotation, e knee extension, and f knee flexion. A stepladder was used when necessary to obtain a “bird’s eye” view of the joint (i.e. hip abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation)