Table 2 The separations of the Achilles tendon repair models with the 4 phases of loading, and the mode of failure
Specimen number | Strand | XSectional Area/mm 2 | Initial Separation (10 N)/mm | Separation (10 cycles 100 N)/mm | Separation (100 cycles 100 N)/mm | Separation (100 cycles 190 N)/mm | Ultimate Tensile Failure/N | Mode of Failure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4 | 143.3 | 2.9 | 6.8 | 10.3 | 20.5 | 241 | Pull out jig |
2 | 4 | 170.5 | 0 | 6.7 | 9.3 | 17.0 | 405 | Distal pull out |
3 | 4 | 192.8 | 0 | 3.1 | 5.3 | 15.4 | 399 | Knot Failure |
4 | 4 | 222.3 | 0 | 7.1 | 10.2 | 19.6 | 411 | Pull out jig |
5 | 4 | 166.3 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 8.6 | 16.6 | 464 | Suture snap |
6 | 4 | 188.3 | 0 | 5.6 | 7.4 | 15.3 | 508 | Distal pull out |
Mean(SD) | 1.0(1.5) | 5.9(1.5) | 8.5(1.9) | 17.4(2.2) | 465(27) | |||
1 | 6 | 221.4 | 3.9 | 7.7 | 13.7 | 23.5 | 321 | Pull out jig |
2 | 6 | 131.9 | 0 | 2.6 | 5.4 | 12.8 | 419 | Proximal pull out |
3 | 6 | 245.9 | 0 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 9.4 | 462 | Pull out jig |
4 | 6 | 173.8 | 0 | 5.4 | 8.7 | 17.7 | 567 | Distal pull out |
5 | 6 | 193.8 | 0 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 13.5 | 464 | Knot Failure |
6 | 6 | 214.5 | 0 | 2.6 | 14.5 | 16.3 | 638 | Pull out jig |
7 | 6 | 207.2 | 0 | 3.6 | 6.9 | 17.3 | 506 | Pull out jig |
Mean(SD) | 0.6(1.5) | 4.0(1.9) | 8.2(4.3) | 15.8(4.5) | 543(50) | |||
1 | 8 | 207.8 | 1.8 | 10.8 | 13.8 | 27.1 | 286 | Pull out jig |
2 | 8 | 212.6 | 0 | 8.5 | 10.7 | 21.6 | 506 | Distal pull out |
3 | 8 | 176.3 | 0 | 12.6 | 20.2 | Failed | Knot failure | |
4 | 8 | 229.8 | 0 | 12.4 | 17.7 | Failed | Knot failure | |
5 | 8 | 201.1 | 2.4 | 14.8 | 19.1 | 31.7 | 591 | Distal pull out |
6 | 8 | 233.6 | 0 | 10.0 | 13.3 | 26.2 | 526 | Pull out jig |
Mean(SD) | 1.1(1.4) | 11.0(2.7) | 14.2(3.5) | 26.6(4.1) | 422(81) |