Table 4 Results on changes in cellular, signaling and/or mechanical response to chondrocyte cultivated constructs for direct compression (Fig. 2). OA is osteoarthritis; MMP is matrix metalloproteinases; PG is proteoglycan; h is hours; h/day is hours per day; − is decrease or inhibition; + is increase; ++ is highest increase; = is no change or status quo. *-symbol implies pressure converted from strain, which is added in brackets,** -symbol is increase only present 12 h post stimulation, ^-symbol is increase only present after 6 h post stimulation
From: What quantitative mechanical loading stimulates in vitro cultivation best?
Study | Cell source, cultivated construct, additive(s) | Magnitude (MPa) | Freq (Hz) | Loading (h/day) | Loading (# days) | Loading (total h) | Culture composition (change -, =, +) | mRNA response (change -, =, +) | Other findings (change -, =, +) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nebelung 2012 (Nebelung et al. 2012) | Human OA Hydrogel collagen type I 10Â % Human serum | 0.6-1.2* (10Â %) | 0.3 | 24 | 28 | 672 | = proteoglycan | = aggrecan | = E-modulus |
= collagen II | + collagen II | ||||||||
| Â | + MMP-13 | ||||||||
Shelton 2003 (Shelton et al. 2003) | Bovine, Agarose gel Type VII 20Â % Fetal calf serum | 1.7-2.9* (15Â %) | 0.3 | 24 | 2 | 48 | - GAG | Â | Â |
1 | + GAG | Â | Â | ||||||
3 | = GAG | Â | Â | ||||||
Omata 2012 (Omata et al. 2012) | Bovine, Agarose gel Type VII 20Â % Fetal bovine serum; 0.85Â mMÂ L-ascorbic acid | 1.7-2.9* (15Â %) | 1 | 6 | 22 | 132 | Â | Â | + E-modulus |
Hung 2004 (Hung et al. 2004) | Bovine, Agarose gel Type VII 10 % Fetal bovine serum; growth factor: TGF-β1, IGF-1 | 0.6-1.2* (10 %) | 1 | 3 | 3 | 9 |  | + aggrecan | = aggregate modulus |
3 | 20 | 60 | Â | Â | + E-modulus | ||||
+ aggregate modulus | |||||||||
Nicodemus 2010 (Nicodemus and Bryant 2010) | Young bovine, Hydrogel polyethylene glycol, 5Â % Fetal bovine serum; 50Â mg/LÂ L-ascorbic acid | 1.2-2.4* (20Â %) | 0.3 | 24 | 7 | 168 | + GAG | + aggrecan | Â |
- collagen II | |||||||||
- MMP-3 | |||||||||
= MMP-13 | |||||||||
6 | 7 | 42 | = GAG | = aggrecan | Â | ||||
+ collagen II | |||||||||
+ MMP-3, −13 | |||||||||
Waldman 2004 (Waldman et al. 2004) | Bovine, Monolayer on top of calcium polyphosphate mesh, 5Â % Fetal bovine serum | 0.3-0.6* (5Â %) | 1 | .1 (400Â cycles) | 3.5 | 0.5 | = PG synthesis | Â | Â |
++ coll. synthesis | |||||||||
0.6-1.2* (10Â %) | ++ PG synthesis | Â | Â | ||||||
1.2-2.4* (20Â %) | = coll. synthesis | ||||||||
0.3-0.6* (5Â %) | 0.6 (2000Â cycles) | 3.5 | 2 | = PG synthesis | Â | Â | |||
+ coll. synthesis | |||||||||
0.6-1.2* (10Â %) | Â | Â | + PG synthesis | Â | Â | ||||
1.2-2.4* (20Â %) | Â | = coll. synthesis | |||||||
0.3-0.6* (5Â %) | 1 | 0.1 | 7 | 1 | = PG synthesis | Â | = E-modulus | ||
= coll. synthesis | |||||||||
0.1 | 14 | 2 | + PG synthesis | Â | + E-modulus | ||||
+ coll. synthesis | |||||||||
De Croos 2006 (De Croos et al. 2006) | Bovine, Monolayer on top of calcium polyphosphate mesh 5Â % Fetal bovine serum | 0.001 | 1 | <1Â h | 1 | <1Â h | + PG synthesis ^ | + aggrecan ** | Â |
+ coll. synthesis ^ | + collagen II ** | ||||||||
|  | + MMP-3, −13 |