Table 3 Results on changes in cellular, signaling and/or mechanical response to chondrocyte cultivated constructs for hydrostatic compression (Fig. 2). PG is proteoglycan; MMP is matrix metalloproteinases; h is hours; h/day is hours per day;;- is decrease or inhibition; + is increase; ++ is highest increase; = is no change or status quo. *-symbol implies pressure converted from strain, which is added in brackets, **-symbol is increased aggrecan only with 4 h
From: What quantitative mechanical loading stimulates in vitro cultivation best?
Study | Cell source, cultivated construct, additive(s) | Magnitude (MPa) | Freq (Hz) | Loading (h/day) | Loading (# days) | Loading (total h) | Culture composition (change -, =, +) | mRNA response (change -, =, +) | Other findings (change -, =, +) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ikenoue 2003 (Ikenoue et al. 2003 ) | Human Monolayer 10 % Fetal bovine serum | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | Â | = aggrecan | Loading of 16h gave better results compared to 4h |
= collagen II | |||||||||
5 | 1 | Â | + aggrecan | ||||||
10 | Â | = collagen II | |||||||
1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 16 | Â | + aggrecan | |||
+ collagen II | |||||||||
5 | 1 | Â | + aggrecan | ||||||
++ collagen II | |||||||||
10 | 1 | Â | ++ aggrecan | ||||||
++ collagen II | |||||||||
Elder 2008 (Elder and Athanasiou 2008 ) | Young bovine, Agarose gel, 20 % Fetal bovine serum; 50 μg/mL L-ascorbic acid | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | + GAG |  | = Aggregate modulus |
= collagen II and # of cells | = E-modulus | ||||||||
5 | 0.1 | = GAG | Â | + Aggregate modulus | |||||
= collagen II and # of cells | = E-modulus | ||||||||
10 | 0.1 | + GAG | Â | = Aggregate modulus | |||||
= collagen II and # of cells | ++ E-modulus | ||||||||
1 | 1 | = GAG | Â | + Aggregate modulus | |||||
= collagen II and # of cells | Â | + E-modulus | |||||||
5 | 1 | = GAG | Â | = Aggregate modulus | |||||
= collagen II and # of cells | = E-modulus | ||||||||
10 | 1 | ++ GAG | Â | ++ Aggregate modulus | |||||
= collagen II and # of cells | Â | ++ E-modulus | |||||||
Hu 2006 (Hu and Athanasiou 2006 ) | Young bovine, Agarose gel, 10 % Fetal bovine serum; 50 μg/mL L-ascorbic acid | 10 | 1 | 4 | 40 | 160 | = GAG (no loss) + collagen II |  | = Aggregate modulus |
Mizuno 2011 (Mizuno and Ogawa 2011 ) | Young bovine, Aggregate pellet, Collagen solution, 10 % Fetal bovine serum | 0.5 | 0.5 | 24 | 7 | 168 | + sGAG | + aggrecan, + collagen II, + MMP-3, −13 |  |
Kawanishi 2007 (Kawanishi et al. 2007 ) | Young bovine, Aggregate pellet, 10 % Fetal bovine serum; 50μg/mL ascorbic acid | 5 | 0.5 | 4 | 4 | 16 | + GAG | + aggrecan |  |
+ sGAG | + collagen II | ||||||||
Suh 1999 (Suh et al. 1999 ) | Bovine, Monolayer, 10 % Fetal bovine serum | −0.08 vacuum | 0.14 | 6 | 1 | 6 | + PG synthesis | + aggrecan |  |
= collagen synthesis | = collagen II | ||||||||
Parkinnen 1993 (Parkkinen et al. 1993 ) | Bovine, Monolayer, 10 % Fetal calf serum | 5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.5 | - PG synthesis | Â | Â |
0.25 | |||||||||
0.05 | |||||||||
0.0167 | = PG synthesis | Â | Â | ||||||
0.5 | 20 | 1 | 20 | + PG synthesis | Â | Â | |||
0.25 | |||||||||
0.05 | = PG synthesis | Â | Â | ||||||
0.0167 | - PG synthesis | ||||||||
0.0082 | = PG synthesis | Â | Â | ||||||
0.0034 | |||||||||
Jortikka 2000 (Jortikka et al. 2000 ) | Bovine, Monolayer, 10 % Fetal bovine serum | 5 | 0.5 | 20 | 1 | 20 | + PG synthesis | Â | Â |
Smith 1996 (Smith et al. 1996 ) | Bovine, Monolayer Ham’s F-12 medium; 3 % Fetal bovine serum | 10 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | + PG synthesis | + aggrecan |  |
+ collagen II | |||||||||
Smith 2000 (Smith et al. 2000 ) | Bovine, Monolayer, Ham’s F-12 medium | 10 | 1 | 2,4,8,12, 24 | 1 | 2,4,8,12, 24 |  | + aggrecan**, + collagen II | Superior increase compared to one loading period |
4 | 4 | 16 | Â | ++ aggrecan, ++ collagen II | |||||
Heyland 2006 (Heyland et al. 2006 ) | Porcine chondrocytes, Beads alginate, 10 % Fetal bovine serum | 0.3 | 0.0083 | 6 | 4 | 24 | + GAG, = collagen II | Â | Â |
6 | 7 | 42 | = GAG, + collagen II | Â | = E-modulus |