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Table 3 Comparison of probabilities of potential pitfalls among sheep and humans (adapted from (Pape & Madry 2013) with permission)

From: Large animal models in experimental knee sports surgery: focus on clinical translation

Structure involved

Human

Sheep

Neurologic injuries

++

NR

Osteonecrosis of proximal fragment

++

NR

Fracture through proximal fragment with violation of joint space

++

NR

Infection

+

+++

Vessel injury

+

++

Subchondral bone cysts (tibial head) without screw perforation

NR

+

Compartment syndrome

+

NR

Non-union

+

NR

Loss of correction due to implant failure

#

+

Overcorrection

#

NR

  1. “NR” not reported; + seldom, ++ infrequent, +++ frequent, # may depend on implant design (Song et al. 2010).