Table 1 Preoperative descriptive statistics

n, (%)

275,107 (100.0)

1,258 (0.5)

–

Demographics

 Sex, n (%)

0.004

  Male

123,829 (45.0)

507 (40.3)

  Female

151,194 (55.0)

750 (59.7)

  Non-Binary

4 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 Race, n (%)

 < 0.001

  White

200,305 (72.9)

978 (77.9)

  Black/African American

21,242 (7.7)

102 (8.1)

  Asian

4,099 (1.5)

31 (2.5)

  Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

651 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

  American Indian/Alaska Native

1,090 (0.4)

11 (0.9)

  Unknown/Not Reported

47,454 (17.3)

131 (10.4)

  Other Race

32 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  Race Combinations with Low Frequency

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 Ethnicity, n (%)

0.001

  Non-Hispanic

216,932 (96.2)

1,058 (94.3)

  Hispanic

8,632 (3.8)

64 (5.7)

  Age, mean ± SD

65.4 ± 11.4

68.1 ± 13.3

 < 0.001

  Height, mean ± SD

66.2 ± 4.2

65.5 ± 4.3

 < 0.001

  Weight, mean ± SD

188.7 ± 46.0

177.6 ± 48.4

 < 0.001

  BMI, mean ± SD

30.2 ± 6.3

28.9 ± 6.8

 < 0.001

 BMI Categories

 < 0.001

  BMI < 18.5

2,429 (0.9)

42 (3.4)

  18.5–24.9

52,023 (19.1)

337 (27.1)

  25–29.9

91,011 (33.3)

372 (30.0)

  30–39.9

108,163 (39.6)

421 (33.9)

  > 40

19,458 (7.1)

70 (5.6)

Preoperative Laboratory Values

 eGFR Levels, n (%)

 < 0.001

  Normal

93,162 (36.2)

425 (36.3)

  Mild/Moderate

162,008 (63.0)

718 (61.4)

  Severe

2,121 (0.8)

27 (2.3)

 Sodium Levels, n (%)

 < 0.001

  Low

12,214 (4.8)

109 (9.2)

  Normal

242,366 (95.1)

1,067 (90.5)

  High

352 (0.1)

3 (0.3)

  BUN, mean ± SD

17.9 ± 7.3

18.5 ± 8.6

0.011

  Serum Creatinine, mean ± SD

0.9 ± 0.4

1.0 ± 0.6

0.022

 BUN/Cr Level, n (%)

0.039

  < 20

125,362 (52.7)

581 (51.1)

  20–25

62,776 (26.4)

283 (24.9)

  25 + 

49,952 (21.0)

273 (24.0)

  BUN/Cr > 10, n (%)

112,728 (47.3)

556 (48.9)

0.293

  Hypoalbuminemia, n (%)

7,580 (5.3)

148 (21.0)

 < 0.001

  Total Bilirubin, mean ± SD

0.6 ± 0.4

0.6 ± 0.5

0.420

  SGOT, mean ± SD

24.0 ± 15.8

24.1 ± 14.4

0.962

 Alkaline Phosphatase Levels, n (%)

 < 0.001

  < 44

3,670 (2.8)

18 (2.8)

  44–147

123,068 (94.6)

576 (89.3)

  148 + 

3,377 (2.6)

51 (7.9)

 WBC Level, n (%)

 < 0.001

  Low/Normal

253,832 (97.3)

1,143 (95.4)

  High

6,929 (2.7)

55 (4.6)

 Anemia Severity, n (%)

 < 0.001

  Non-Anemia

225,007 (85.8)

758 (62.9)

  Mild Anemia

28,657 (10.9)

265 (22.0)

  Moderate/Severe Anemia

8,595 (3.3)

182 (15.1)

  Low Platelet, n (%)

7,855 (3.0)

46 (3.8)

0.095

  PTT, mean ± SD

29.4 ± 5.0

29.7 ± 6.3

0.247

  INR, mean ± SD

1.0 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

 < 0.001

  PT, mean ± SD

11.9 ± 2.5

12.1 ± 1.7

Past Medical History

 Diabetes, n (%)

 < 0.001

  Not Diabetic

241,555 (87.8)

1,058 (84.1)

  Insulin Dependent

8,063 (2.9)

70 (5.6)

  Non-Insulin Dependent

25,116 (9.1)

126 (10.0)

  Oral Medication

373 (0.1)

4 (0.3)

 Smoking Status, n (%)

0.006

  Non-Smoker

240,774 (87.5)

1,069 (85.0)

  Smoker

34,333 (12.5)

189 (15.0)

 Dyspnea, n (%)

0.011

  None

262,265 (95.3)

1,178 (93.6)

  At Rest

546 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

  Moderate Exertion

12,296 (4.5)

78 (6.2)

  History of Severe COPD, n (%)

10,897 (4.0)

99 (7.9)

 < 0.001

  Ascites, n (%)

73 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1.000

  CHF (in 30 days before surgery), n (%)

1,108 (0.4)

11 (0.9)

0.021

  Hypertension Requiring Medication, n (%)

152,514 (55.4)

761 (60.5)

 < 0.001

  Renal Failure, n (%)

186 (0.1)

2 (0.2)

0.209

  Currently on Dialysis (Preop), n (%)

697 (0.3)

14 (1.1)

 < 0.001

  Disseminated Cancer, n (%)

1,170 (0.4)

9 (0.7)

0.122

  Steroid Use for Chronic Condition, n (%)

10,225 (3.7)

54 (4.3)

0.263

  > 10% Loss Body Weight in Last 6 Months, n (%)

683 (0.2)

11 (0.9)

 < 0.001

  Bleeding Disorders, n (%)

6,221 (2.3)

52 (4.1)

 < 0.001

  Transfusion > 4 Units PRBCs in 72 Hours Before Surgery, n (%)

481 (0.2)

17 (1.4)

 < 0.001

 Preoperative Systemic Sepsis, n (%)

 < 0.001

  None

273,344 (99.4)

1,230 (98.0)

  SIRS

1,526 (0.6)

7 (0.6)

  Sepsis

95 (0.0)

15 (1.2)

  Septic Shock

10 (0.0)

3 (0.2)

 Frailty, n (%)

 < 0.001

  < 2

236,317 978 (77.7)

978 (86.3)

  ≥ 2

37,532 (22.3)

280 (13.7)

Operative Details

 Location, n (%)

 < 0.001

  Outpatient

18,000 (6.5)

34 (2.7)

  Inpatient

257,107 (93.5)

1224 (97.3)

 Anesthesia, n (%)

 < 0.001

  Epidural

1,656 (0.6)

12 (1.0)

  General

130,519 (47.4)

870 (69.2)

  Local

65 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  None

40 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  Other

147 (0.1)

2 (0.2)

  Regional

5,186 (1.9)

15 (1.2)

  Spinal

99,084 (36.0)

268 (21.3)

  MAC/IV Sedation

38,360 (13.9)

91 (7.2)

  Unknown

35 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 ASA Class, n (%)

  0 = None Assigned

24 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  1 = No Disturb

9,859 (3.6)

23 (1.8)

  2 = Mild Disturb

142,500 (51.8)

438 (34.8)

  3 = Severe Disturb

116,506 (42.4)

716 (56.9)

  4 = Life Threat

5,925 (2.2)

81 (6.4)

  5 = Moribund

21 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  Operative Time, mean ± SD

91.9 ± 39.1

137.4 ± 71.1

 < 0.001