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Table 2 Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematic during the single leg squat task before and after the Posterior X Taping (PXT) and Real-Time Feedback (RTF) interventions^

From: The effects of the Posterior X Taping versus augmented feedback on lower-extremity kinematic and muscle activity pattern during unilateral weight-bearing activities in men with tibiofemoral varus malalignment

Variables

Groups

p value

RTF

PXT

Pre-intervention

Post-intervention

Pre-intervention

Post-intervention

Time

Main

Effect

Group

Main Effect

Group × 

Time Interaction

Hip, deg

Eccentric

Sagittal

42.78 ± 4.48

45.87 ± 5.30

42.01 ± 5.49

43.35 ± 4.55

.110

.945

.079

Frontal

4.27 ± 2.83

3.01 ± 4.97

4.49 ± 2.64

4.94 ± 4.84

.576

.572

.250

Transverse

-1.98 ± 10.81

-4.12 ± 11.47

-2.22 ± 10.70

-2.34 ± 12.48

.137

.894

.177

Concentric

Sagittal

46.89 ± 9.60

48.89 ± 8.40

44.37 ± 7.24

46.56 ± 7.25

.169

.536

.951

Frontal

6.85 ± 3.34

4.66 ± 0.09

6.39 ± 2.97

7.15 ± 5.27

.383

.646

.087

Transverse

-4.04 ± 10.66

-5.31 ± 10.41

-4.09 ± 9.86

-4.02 ± 12.29

.471

.910

.424

Maximum knee flexion

Sagittal

73.49 ± 10.99

73.92 ± 8.35

74.18 ± 10.70

74.82 ± 9.52

.699

.871

.942

Frontal

15.30 ± 4.41

8.82 ± 4.97a

16.13 ± 4.31

15.46 ± 6.23

.006*

.121

.020*

Transverse

-5.14 ± 12.98

-7.38 ± 14.38

-5.98 ± 12.96

-6.20 ± 15.33

.320

.981

.410

Knee, deg

Eccentric

Sagittal

42.06 ± 3.11

46.34 ± 6.45

44.70 ± 4.22

45.92 ± 3.36

.085

.519

.320

Frontal

4.59 ± 5.58

5.86 ± 7.79

3.48 ± 6.09

3.48 ± 6.75

.497

.590

.499

Transverse

-6.41 ± 11.81

-2.00 ± 15.88

-6.70 ± 10.44

2.58 ± 12.17a

.001*

.733

.143

Concentric

Sagittal

45.01 ± 6.66

44.90 ± 8.90

42.58 ± 4.61

44.49 ± 6.19

.567

.647

.521

Frontal

2.66 ± 5.59

4.56 ± 7.33

2.47 ± 5.59

2.23 ± 6.71

.352

.687

.236

Transverse

-5.28 ± 11.66

-1.81 ± 14.85

-6.12 ± 11.11

3.00 ± 13.09a

.001*

.753

.087

Maximum knee flexion

Sagittal

82.78 ± 4.29

78.57 ± 3.00

84.75 ± 8.05

84.61 ± 5.30

.066

.134

.083

Frontal

0.49 ± 8.05

2.59 ± 10.33

-1.34 ± 8.95

-0.77 ± 10.65

.344

.579

.584

Transverse

1.76 ± 14.52

6.34 ± 16.73

-0.01 ± 12.24

10.63 ± 15.04a

.003*

.860

.181

Ankle, deg

Eccentric

Sagittal

24.69 ± 2.63

25.73 ± 4.39

24.27 ± 2.56

26.13 ± 2.22

.118

.994

.458

Frontal

1.27 ± 4.41

2.88 ± 3.42

0.96 ± 3.65

3.72 ± 3.85a

.001*

.890

.109

Transverse

-3.06 ± 15.03

-8.37 ± 13.00a

-2.19 ± 14.25

-12.80 ± 14.82a

.001*

.805

.038*

Concentric

Sagittal

24.27 ± 2.58

23.43 ± 4.67

21.84 ± 1.90

23.99 ± 3.83

.390

.554

.062

Frontal

1.22 ± 4.30

2.44 ± 2.86

0.55 ± 3.58

3.39 ± 3.80a

.001*

.937

.116

Transverse

-3.02 ± 14.75

-7.24 ± 11.17

-0.86 ± 13.75

-11.80 ± 15.51a

.001*

.862

.052

Maximum knee flexion

Sagittal

39.79 ± 3.03

36.71 ± 2.50a

39.42 ± 3.81

41.71 ± 4.75

.629

.175

.005*

Frontal

5.57 ± 4.10

5.43 ± 3.35

5.05 ± 3.37

7.64 ± 4.57

.078

.660

.052

Transverse

-15.72 ± 13.50

-16.30 ± 11.72

-15.12 ± 13.05

-24.01 ± 16.35a

.023*

.600

.041*

  1. Sign convention ( ±): Sagittal, flexion ( +)/ extension (-); Frontal, adduction ( +)/ abduction (-); Transverse, internal ( +)/ external (-) rotation
  2. awithin-group difference
  3. bbetween-group difference
  4. ^Data are presented as mean ± SD
  5. *Significant level: p ≤ .05; Bonferroni post-hoc test